Themes, Motifs and Symbols for John Donnes Poetry

Themes ............... Lovers as Microcosms Donne incorporates the Renaissance notion of the human body as a microcosm into his love poetry. During the Renaissance, many people believed that the microcosmic human body mirrored the macrocosmic physical world. According to this belief, the intellect governs the body, much like a king or queen governs the land. Many of Donne’s poems—most notably â€Å"The Sun Rising† (1633), â€Å"The Good-Morrow† (1633), and â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping† (1633)—envision a lover or pair of lovers as being entire worlds unto themselves. But rather than use the analogy to imply that the whole world can be compressed into a small space, Donne uses it to show how lovers become so enraptured with each other that they†¦show more content†¦The speaker of Holy Sonnet 18 asks Christ to explain which bride, or church, belongs to Christ. Neither poem forthrightly proposes one church as representing the true religion, but nor does either poem reject outri ght the notion of one true church or religion. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Motifs ........... Spheres Donne’s fascination with spheres rests partly on the perfection of these shapes and partly on the near-infinite associations that can be drawn from them. Like other metaphysical poets, Donne used conceits to extend analogies and to make thematic connections between otherwise dissimilar objects. For instance, in â€Å"The Good-Morrow,† the speaker, through brilliant metaphorical leaps, uses the motif of spheres to move from a description of the world to a description of globes to a description of his beloved’s eyes to a description of their perfect love. Rather than simply praise his beloved, the speaker compares her to a faultless shape, the sphere, which contains neither corners nor edges. The comparison to a sphere also emphasizes the way in which his beloved’s face has become the world, as far as the speaker is concerned. In â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping,† the speaker uses the spherical shapeShow MoreRelatedWhen I Have Fears, by John Keats and Holy Sonnet 1, by John Donnes1660 Words   |  7 PagesMortality is a moving and compelling subject. This end is a confirmation of one’s humanity and the end of one’s substance. Perhaps that is why so many writers and poets muse about their own death in their writings. Keats and John Donne are two such examples of musing poets who share the human condition experience in When I Have Fears and Holy Sonnet 1. Keats begins each quatrain of the Shakespearean sonnet with a modifier, and each modifier indexes the subject of that quatrain. The modifierRead Morethatcher4803 Words   |  20 Pagesfeel the fell of dark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2. William Shakespeare, Sonnets 1-7 3. John Donne, â€Å"Valediction Forbidding Mourning†, â€Å"The Flea†, â€Å"Hymn to God, My God in my Sickness† 4. George Herbert, â€Å"The Collar†, â€Å"The Altar†, â€Å"Love III† 5. Andrew Marvell, â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† 6. T.S. Eliot, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, â€Å"Journey of the Magi† 2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (â€Å"That time of year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 2. John Donne, â€Å"Holy Sonnet I† (â€Å"Thou hast made me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), â€Å"Holy Sonnet IX†Read MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paperRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagess inner feelings emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts urbanization versus nostalgia for nature burden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives, political novels poetry transcendentalism Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women fuels the abolitionist movement allow people to re-imagine the American past Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · expansion of magazines, newspapers, and bookRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesmeanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work. T. S. Eliot, in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock alludes (refers) to the biblical figure John the Baptist in the line Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter, . . . In the New Testament, John the Baptists head was presented to King Herod on a platter 5. ambiguity-A statement which can contain two or more

The Video Game Industry Essay - 1651 Words

The Video Game Industry The video gaming industry has come a long way from the first home based gaming system since the Magnavox Odyssey. Through the decades, the video game industry has rapidly improved the technology to home gaming, and made arcades nonexistence. The major video gaming titans of today are Nintendo, Microsoft Xbox, and Sony Playstation. These three have been in war with each other the past ten years, and neither show signs of defeat. However the two leading competitors of high sales in the gaming industry are Microsoft Xbox and Sony Playstation. Both developers have been head to head on technological advancements and consumer marketing. Sony uses their advanced design of game console and their secrecy of their project to†¦show more content†¦Everyones watching to see how this battle plays out, because each company is pursuing a very different strategy. Sony and Microsoft are gunning for pure performance systems, while Nintendo is shooting at fun, playable games that rely more on i ts unique controllers than impressive graphics hardware. Sony hasnt demonstrated any units nor leaked significant information about the machine. This is a smart marketing strategy. Leaking information only dilutes the power of the final product launch and does nothing to actually satisfy consumers. Withholding information, on the other hand, builds buzz and word-of-mouth interest. Think of the power Apple gets from all the secrecy around its products. Sony is doing the same thing. Sony is a marketing company. It sells as much style and excitement as it does electronics. Sonys brand has in the past commanded premium prices because of Sonys savvy marketing. The companys future relies on the PlayStation 3 and the technology that comprises it. Until November because its two most exciting pieces of technology werent ready - the Cell processor chip and the Blu-ray drive. The complexity of the chip, co-developed with IBM and Toshiba, delayed the manufacture of a large enough quantity of co nsoles for a system launch. The Blu-ray Disc was jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the worlds leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell,Show MoreRelatedVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gaming demographic, but the industry hasn’t done much to make them feel welcome. During the last decade, the mainstream video game industry has seemed to operate under the same apparent assumptions: girls don’t play big action games, boys like the sexualization of girls in video games and won’t play as a female character unless she is heavily sexualized, and that girls play video games for the attention of boys. These assumptions are what allows the gaming industry to continue to focus on theirRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry792 Words   |  4 Pages The video game industry has changed a lot since its inception, and a large part of that is du e to the video game crash of 1983. Despite this, the market itself has remained roughly the same except for the actual devices in it. The quality of the video games has drastically improved over the years. Unfortunately, something that will never change are the greedy companies looking for a quick buck. While the video game industry has grown and improved since the crash, some similarities are starting toRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1344 Words   |  6 Pages In the year 2016, the video game industry hit an important milestone. As seen in this 2015-2019 analysis, the industry hit a market value of over $100,000,000,000: (â€Å"THE GLOBAL GAMES MARKET REACHES $99.6 BILLION IN 2016, MOBILE GENERATING 37%†). Just like today, 1983 was looking great for the future of video games. However, unlike today, 1983 did not go great for the video game industry, it went awfully. In 1983, the video game industry crashed and has not fully recovered to the value of the mar ketRead MoreVideo Games : The Video Game Industry1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe video game industry is one that continues to grow exponentially with consumers spending over $22 billion dollars on the gaming industry in 2014 (association, 2015). This popularity brings the opportunity to produce a stream of games that continue to expand in their nature and impact on their audience. Video games are now artistic, social and collaborative, with many allowing massive numbers of people to participate simultaneously (htt). The collaboration of the video gaming industry doesn’t stopRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Video Game Industry791 Words   |  4 PagesAn Atmosphere Unknown This is the future of the video game industry. Imagine looking through the eyes of your favorite video game character but in reality, you are actual sitting on the couch. Look to the left and you see R2-D2 trying to communicate to you. To the right, you have rebel fighters shooting at storm troopers that are attacking your home planet. Virtual reality lets you do all of this from the comfort of your home. However, Augmented reality lets you do this as well, but it is less virtualRead MoreCompetitive Positioning in the Video Game Industry639 Words   |  3 Pagesonline, PC, console, handheld and mobile game publisher with leading positions across every major category of the rapidly growing interactive entertainment software industry.†1 The video game industry of today looks vastly different than it did 10 years ago, with the stark contrast being that many firms are designing their games to be more family-friendly; the stereotypes of video games no longer being just in the realm of teenage boys. All in all, the industry is faring well with reported sales ofRead MoreVideo Game Industry : Nintendo And Sony2289 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Nowadays, the video game industry is one of the faster growing sectors in the world and it is unbelievably expected to increase its revenues for the years ahead. Big giant’s companies as Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are constantly competing and technology and innovation are vital to keep pace with this demanding and challenging field. This essay will discuss two companies within the video games industry, Nintendo and Sony, trying to define their international strategies and their proceduresRead MoreHome Video Game Industry Analysis Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesSubject: The Home Video Game Industry: Industry Analysis History In 1949 the video game was thought of for the first time by an engineer named Ralph Baer but it would be years before video games would enter the spotlight.1 In 1972 Steve Bushnell started the first gaming company Atari. Until 1978 there were very few games for the home system. In 1982 Atari releases a newer version and sales start to sore. In 1985 Nintendo enters the market with the NES. Nintendo still outsells both companiesRead More1970s: The Birth of Video Game Industry Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1970s was considered as the birth of video game industry, the phenomenon of gaming was growing and home gaming console Home-Pong which was a one-game-only console was invented by Atari, since then, the gaming industry has become very profitable, and more and more genre of video games were created. Although video games have become more and more popular as time changes, it still has to face the criticism, ‘media panic’. Meida panic happens when a new media appears; people will have aRead MoreFive Forces Analysis of the Video Game Industry943 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Video Game Industry The video game industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheld devices, mobile games and online games. The video gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years with Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo competing for the higher profits in the market. This essay will analyze each of the five forces acting on the industry: threat of new

Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food Free Essays

Rapid detection and identification of bacteria in food and clinical laboratories Abstract Modern technological progress has affected how microbiology is practiced. There is emphasis on the minimalisation of laboratory costs, cost-efficiency and reliability of tests for efficient bacterial identification from food cultures. Before using any technology, it is recommended that the products’ performance characteristics be first tested, particularly as theses characteristics, are often not determined by the manufacturers. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, the sensitivity and specificity, amongst other factors, associated with the use of these tests will also not have been determined. Additional factors would benefit from the use of controls, such as in the form of large scale and controlled clinical trials, in order to study the products’ performance. It is to be borne in mind that the involvement of ‘rapid’ tests, including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in bacterial detection may serve bests as methods for expeditious detection and screening than for the purposes of confirmation. 1. Introduction In order to help diagnose infectious diseases, such as the bacteria Salmonella, a leading cause of food poisoning, the need for specialised microbial tests has arisen. Testing food products using rapid methods is a complicated process requiring the balance of sensitivity and specificity for the achievement of a reliable result. The following sections will discuss the use of five different detection methods, flow cytometry, the enterotube II system, chromogenic media, the Enzyme linked immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction and the necessity to balance the specificity and sensitivity of each technique, for the most accurate means of bacterial detection. 2.0 Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry (FCM) is based on the principles of excitation of light, light scattering and fluorochrome molecular emission for the purposes of generating data covering a number of different parametric readings. FCM focuses on cells that measure 0.5um to 40 ?m in diameter. The technique of FCM relies on the provision of a light source, which, are usually lasers, and the cells must first be covered in a layer of phosphate buffered saline before being able to intercept the focused source of light. In this technique, a sample, containing the cells being tested, are injected into the centre of a sheath flow. Flow cytometry provides an analysis of cellular interactions at the macromolecular level. FCM is a technique that is considered to be a critical component of research in the biomedical field (Nolan Sklar,1998). 2.1 Milk testing FCM is one technique which may be useful when testing the safety and quality of milk. Testing milk requires analysis of somatic cell count and microbial analysis. Tests have shown (Gunasekera, et al., 2003) that the analysis of milk, where a known number of cells have been inoculated, upon clearing can be performed by FCM. FCM is able to give a good indication of the somatic cell count in raw milk and when coupled with other methods such as techniques involving fluorescence staining, can be used in testing biological milk quality. This therefore has an important application in the dairy industry, particularly in quality testing. 2.2 Analysis of Water Quality The use of flow cytometry has to date also occurred in tandem with heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for the rapid detection of the bacterial count of potable as well as raw water (Hoefel, et al., 2005). The results showed that FCM was much quicker than HCP, in detecting viable bacteria in samples that were classed as viable but not amenable to culture. The FCM method detected bacteria within an hour as opposed to several days, for the HCP technique. Studies have tested the sensitivity of FC-based assays in comparison to the plaque assay method, to measure levels of an infection virus in a sample (Cantera, et al., 2010). Poliovirus infection (PV1) was tested and the FCM method applied to a water sample infected with PV1-infected cells. The study revealed that a combination of flow cytometry, used with fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology, is able to sensitively and quickly detect the presence of infectious virus in a sample of environmental water. 2.3 Specificity of FCM FCM has also been used to investigate whether T4 phage infected cells with E. coli ATCC 111303 can be differentiated from uninfected cells, based on phage DNA fluorescent detection. The technique, involving the lysis of bacterial cells by phage, allowed for the detection for infected cells 35 minutes post infection. Thus, FCM is able to be specific, when used combined with phages of predetermined host specificity. Overall, FCM is able to quantitatively measure and sensitively detect molecular level interactions and as such it may be considered to be a robust and adaptable technology (Nolan Sklar, 1998). 3.0 The enterotube ll system The Enterotube II was described for the first time in 1969 (Painter Isenberg, 1973). This technology is an example of a rapid system of multi-test nature, functioning as a biochemical and enzymatic test method. The test system, functions by identifying unclassified gram-negative, rod shaped and oxidase-negative bacteria, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The test is often conducted within clinical laboratories. The machine comprises a flat-sided tube within which are 12 compartments, developed to allow different biochemical tests to be conducted. The system does consistently produce accurate results, and hence is liable to produce occasional false results. 3.1 Sensitivity and specificity Reports such as the one by Dalton et al., (1993) in the detection of bacteriuria, have found that upon screening, only 55% specificity and 93% sensitivity have been obtained. O’Hara (2005) reports that it may be valuable for the diagnostic laboratory running tests, using equipment such as the Enterotube II system, to first stipulate what levels of ‘accuracy’ and ‘discrimination’ they consider are acceptable from their systems of identification. Accuracy of identification may be maximised by using the skills of a qualified microbiologist to confirm the bacterial classification (O’Hara, 2005). An additional way to potentially maximise sensitivity and specificity is to send an isolate to a reference laboratory in order to confirm identity. Use of enterotube II system will be for the testing of oxidase-negative bacteria and hence it should first be established that the oxidase test is not positive. To achieve this, and improve the specificity, an o xidase test may be performed on the relevant cultures. In order to improve interpretation of results from use of the Enterotube II system, a suitable incubation time should be used, such as 16 hours (in the analysis of carbohydrate reactions (Woolfrey, et al., 1981). Furthermore, tests resulting in ambiguous classifications should be reevaluated (Woolfrey, et al., 1981) in order to improve specificity, without hampering the tests’ sensitivity. 4.0 Chromogenic Media Chromogenic media (or fluorogenic media) are a microbial growth media of microbial nature. The media contains enzymes that are linked to either fluorogen (involved in light reaction) or chromogen (involved in colour reaction) or a combination of both. The method works by detecting activities that are enzymatic in nature, that are produced by the target microorganisms. Enzymatic activities are detected by the use of either organic compounds or dyes, as microorganisms, which grow in the proximity of these compounds are liable to make a distinctive pattern of colouring or alternatively fluoresce, which can be detected under UV light. Chromogenic media were first designed for application in clinical settings, but have proven to be useful in food testing. 4.1 Sensitivity and specificity of chromogenic media Chromogenic media are considered to be a sensitive method of media analysis, when compared to more conventional types of media analysis (Downes, 2001). This is because the chromogenic media method allows for a faster analysis, with a turnover time of 24 hours, and it is also considered to have a higher sensitivity. In the identification of E.coli or Listeria monocytogenes, for example, specially designed chromogenic media are available for the purposes of improving test sensitivity. When considering Salmonella detection, a number of specialised chromogenic media that are able to improve the specificity of detection are available. A study by Perez et al., (2003) showed that both broth enrichment and increasing the incubation time by a factor of two (from 24 hours to 48 hours) effectively increases the sensitivity of all of the media being used. Furthermore, due to the specificity of the chromogenic media, (determined to be greater than 84% following a two-day incubation period), a reduction in the need to undergo confirmatory tests improved the overall sensitivity of the specialized chromogenic media. A second study by Monneri et al., (1994), for the comparison of two new types of agar, media of chromogenic nature, Salmonella Detection and Identification Medium (SMID) and Rambach agar, against two conventional types of media for the detection of Salmonella. The results revealed that the newer chromogenic agar media were notably more specific than the more convent ional media. Rambach agar was furthermore slightly more specific than SMID, being able to detect all Salmonella serotypes following a complementary C8 esterase test. Hence, sensitivity and specificity can be maximised by increasing culture time to 2 days fully, and using Rambach agar where appropriate, such as in the detection of Salmonella serotypes. 5.0 Enzyme Linked Immunoassay The Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) is a common antibody based technique designed for microorganism, or pathogenic, detection. The method is noted to have a high standard of specificity and sensitivity (Evans et al., 1989). A quantitative, or qualitative method may be used for the purposes of interpreting the results, which are, respectively, via the use of an instrumental read-out or through visual means. Specialised test kits to aid in the detection of Listeria, Salmonella and other microorganisms are commercially available. 5.1 Sensitivity and specificity A study by Evans et al., (1989) utilised ELISA in the detection of Campylobacter pylori. The specificity and sensitivity of the test allowed for the detection of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies targeted against the cell-associated proteins of C. pylori. Values of specificity and positive predictive value were revealed to be 100% for the high molecular weight cell-associated proteins. Furthermore, the assay sensitivity was measured at 98.7%, with the negative predictive value recorded as 98.6%. This indicates that specialised ELISA tests are likely to be valuable in such instances as in the detection of H. pylori. Furthermore, the costs of using the ELISA, as noted by Evans et al., (1989) are that it is cost effective and readily usable, with a lower likelihood of obtaining false negatives than with other tests, such as the use of a ‘urea breath test’ which is also amenable to be useful for the same purpose. Svennerholm Holmgren, (1978) report that E. Coli can be sensitively detected using a ganglioside ELISA. The method was deemed to be reliable and allow a high level of reproducibility. In general, it has been reported that the specificity and, or, sensitivity of assays that are commercially available, such as the ELISA may be maximised by having set cut-off values decreed by the manufacturers, according to the target disease (Cuzzubbo, et al., 1999). Furthermore, the IgG test, due to having 100% specificity, is highly likely to be reliable, as a method for bacterial testing. 6.0 Polymerase Chain Reaction Similar to the ELISA test, the ‘PCR’ or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most readily recognised and used diagnostic tool currently in use. PCR works by identifying a highly specific sequence of DNA from a microorganism that is under target. Subsequent to this, the sequence much be amplified in order to allow for detection of the microorganism. PCR is considered to be reliable and specific, as a detection method, being able to detect bacteria of pathogenic nature within a time frame of a day. As a form of DNA-based assay, PCR has been developed to detect foodbourne pathogens. For the purposes of DNA hybridization, PCR is able to amplify one single DNA copy in fewer than 2 hours by one million times. However, in situations where amplification is not completely efficient, such as when inhibitors are present in food, the normally extremely high levels of sensitivity of PCR become reduced. In order to improve sensitivity therefore, a form of cultural enrichm ent is likely to achieve this (Rose Stringer, 1989). As a rapid method to screen food samples for bacteria, PCR tests that are run and found to yield positive results are regarded as being ‘presumptive’ and require methods that are more conventional to confirm this (Feng, 1996). For direct testing, due to a lack of adequate specificity and sensitivity, pre-analsysis culture enrichment is frequently called for, which serves to increase specificity (Feng, 1997). 6.1 Sensitivity and specificity of PCR To maximise the sensitivity of certain types of PCR, such as NK-1R PCR, a form of ‘nested’ PCR, and for this an increased number of cycles of the primary PCR may be helpful. For example, 35 secondary PCR cycles and 45 primary PCR cycles, were performed by O’Connell (2002) as opposed to a more standard number of between 25 and 30 cycles for both to increase sensitivity. In order to identify and detect bacteria furthermore, qcRT-PCR is likely to be less sensitive overall than more conventional PCR and hence, single-target PCR is advisable for a higher level of sensitivity. It has also been noted that PCR conditions and parameters of cycling should ideally be optimised for every, and each primer in order to allow the achievement of a maximum yield of specific product and miminise monotarget sequence amplification. Knowles (1992) suggests that nested PCR may be helpful in improving both sensitivity and specificity. It is noted that increasing the speed of amplification of PCR has not effect upon test sensitivity, and hence this alteration it is unlikely to be worth the additional costs or time-saving advantage associated with increasing the cycling protocol. 7. Conclusion Rapid tests such as PCR, the Enterotube II system, ELISA, flow cytometry and chromogenic methods have both benefits and limitations. The relative availability of these techniques and the speed of detection of bacterial pathogens, amongst other factors, suggest advantages but the sensitivity and specificity of the tests must be such that a reliable test result is ensured. In conclusion, a balance of sensitivity and specificity is required, but, by using the techniques mentioned, the reliability of the results obtained by the microbiologist is most likely to be improved. Bibliography Cantera, J.L., Chen, W., Yates, M.V. 2010. Detection of Infective Poliovirus by a Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Flow Cytometry Method Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(2), pp.584-588. Cuzzubbo, A. J., Vaughn, D.W., Nisalak, A., Solomon, T., Kalayanarooj, S., Aaskov, J., Dung, N.M. Devine, P.L. 1999. Comparison of PanBio Dengue Duo Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and MRL Dengue Fever Virus Immunoglobulin M Capture ELISA for Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infections in Southeast Asia. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 6(5), pp. 705-712. Dalton, M.T., Comeau, S., Rainnie, B., Lambert, K Forward, K.R.1993. A comparison of the API Uriscreen with the Vitek Urine Identification-3 and the leukocyte esterase or nitrite strip as a screening test for bacteriuria. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 16(2), pp.93-97. Downes, F.P. 2001. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Evans, D.J. Jr., Evans, D.G., Graham, D.Y. Klein, P.D. 1989. A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection of Campylobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 96(4), pp. 1004-1008. Feng. P. 1996. Emergence of rapid methods for identifying microbial pathogens in foods. Journal of AOAC International. 79(3), pp.809-812. Feng, P. 1997. Impact of Molecular Biology on the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Molecular Biotechnology. 7(3)., pp.267-278. Gunasekera, T.S., Veal, D.A., Attfield, P.V. 2003. Potential for broad applications of flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques in microbiological and somatic cell analyses of milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 85(3), pp.269-279. Hoefel, D., Monis, P.T., Grooby, W.L., Andrews,S., Saint, C.P. 2005. Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(11) pp. 6479-6488. Knowles, D.M. (ed.). 1992. Neoplastic Hematopathology, 1st ed. Williams and Wilkins. pp. 919–930. Monnery, I., Freydiere, A.M., Baron, C., Rousset, A.M., Tigaud, S., Boude-Chevalier, M., de Montclos, H. Gille, Y. 1994. Evaluation of two new chromogenic media for detection of Salmonella in stools. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 13(3), pp. 257-261. Nolan, J.P Sklar, L.A. 1998. The emergence of flow cytometry for sensitive, real-time measurements of molecular interactions. Nature Biotechnology, 16(7), pp. 633 – 638. O’ Connell, J. 2002. RT-PCR Protocols. Totowa: Humana Press Inc. O’Hara, C.M., 2005. Manual and Automated Instrumentation for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae and Other Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18(1), pp. 147-162. Painter, B.G. Isenberg, H.D. 1973. Clinical laboratory experience with the improved Enterotube. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 25(6), pp. 896–899. Perez, J.M., Cavalli, P., Roure, C., Renac, R., Gille, Y. Freydiere, A.M. 2003. Comparison of four chromogenic media and Hektoen agar for detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella strains in human stools. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41(3), pp. 1130-1134. Rose, S.A., Stringer, M.F. 1989. Immunological methods, pp. 121-167. In: Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology: Progress in Industrial Microbiology. M.R. Adams and C.F.A. Hope (eds). New York: Elsevier. Svennerholm, A., Lange, S. Holmgren, J. 1878. Correlation between intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A and protection against experimental cholera in mice. Infection and Immunity. 21(1), pp. 1–6. Woolfrey, B.F., Fox, J.M. Quall, C.O. 1981. Evaluation of the Repliscan II System for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 14(4), pp. 408-410. How to cite Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food, Essay examples

Publications Designing Qualitative Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Publications Designing Qualitative Research? Answer: Introduction The term Research in its broad sense, refers to the practice of exploring into concerned areas of interest and studying the materials and relevant sources regarding the concerned area in order to find out new facts and to establish new assertions and conclusions. Research is a crucial part of any genre of education, especially higher education and over the years, both of these have undergone significant dynamics and have become more integrated and complementary to one another (Gay Mills, 2015). Research is one of the primary components in any stream of exploration, particularly in social sciences. The main purpose of this domain of research is to explore and investigate different aspects of the human behavior. Social science being mainly the study of behavioral aspects of individuals, the research framework in this genre of behavioral science is mainly used to study the behaviors and actions taken by concerned individuals on the topics or phenomena of concern. Thus, research in educational and social science aspects is highly linked directly to the individuals perception and actions, thereby keeping high scopes and avenues of direct interactions with the subjects for the researchers in this domain (Neuman, 2013). In conducting any kind of research, one of the primary categories, which have to be satisfied by the researchers, especially in the contemporary period, is the ethical considerations in conducting the concerned research. The term ethics in the aspect of social research, refers to a structure of regulations and guidelines, which exists to make the research efficient and productive, keeping the integrity of the research, the researcher as well as the other direct and indirect participants maintained. This is especially mandatory for those researchers who directly depend on interactions with live subjects (mostly humans), in order to ensure that to fulfill the management of the research, the researcher does not compromise the welfare and dignity of his or her subjects (Resnik, 2015). Keeping this need for ethics in social science and educational research in concern, the paper tries to study the different ethical aspects present in social science research framework, how they are followed and the limitations of the same, taking reference to an article. The article, which has been considered for the purpose of analyzing the ethical considerations in the educational and social science research, is a peer reviewed article on the impact of bullying in the childhood on the health, wealth and crime in the adult age and the social outcome of the same. Article Summary The article, named Impact of Bullying in Childhood on Adult Health, Wealth, Crime and Social Outcomes, had been published in the Psychological Science Journal of the National Institute of health. The main objective of the article can be seen to be of exploring the implications of one of the social problems of bullying. The term bullying in its broad sense means exerting force or superiority for the purpose of intimidating the people who are weak or are at a comparatively disadvantageous position. This highly unfair practice is found to be highly present, in all strata of the society, especially among children and adolescent population (Wolke et al., 2013). Keeping the problem into consideration, the authors try to assess the short term as well as the long-term implications of bullying. It also tries to analyze whether the problem of bullying only leaves short-term impacts on the victim who lasts for some days or whether it has long term implications and leaves a lasting impression on the victim in his or her adulthood also. The basic findings of the article points out towards the fact that though bullying often leaves long term and evidently negative implications on the adulthood of the victims, the same is not true in the case of those who bullies. Little evidences were found regarding the long-term impacts of bullying on the adulthood of the bullies (Anderson et al., 2012). The article, thus does a crucial work in asserting the implications of one of the most common social evils, faced by a major share of the children of any society and also asserts that most of the times bullying leaves long lasting negative impacts on those who are being bullied. It also points out that intervention of the parents and relevant caregivers, as well prompt medical attention to the victims of bullying in the childhood only most likely reduces the long term implications which are left by the bullies on the children who are bullied (Battiste, 2016). Research Procedures The article, in order to study the impacts of bullying on the childhood as well as the adulthood of both the bullies and their victims, takes a primarily quantitative approach in doing the same. The authors have mainly taken the quantitative because the study has been a population-based study and the same includes a considerably high number of participants from different age groups and geographical locations (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2013). The total sample who agreed to participate (80% of the total recruitment) amounts to 1420 individuals, divided into three age groups at the intake. The ages being 9, 11 and 13 years, which indicates that the sample size of the study, at the intake, has been only children. Of the 1420 children who had been interviewed in their childhood, 89.7% (1273 individuals) were followed up when they reached their young adulthood. This had been mainly done to cater to the objective of the article to observe the implications of childhood bullying on the adultho od of the victims and the bullies as well. Ethical Considerations The primary feature of the article is that it deals with a very sensitive and personal, yet widespread societal problem of bullying. Another important feature of the same article is the nature of the sample size, which has been taken by the authors, especially at the beginning of the study. Children of ages 9, 11 and 13 years have been taken as sample in the article. This makes considering the ethical aspects regarding conduction of the research procedures, especially direct interactions extremely crucial for the researchers concerned. The first ethical requirement, which has been claimed to be met efficiently in the article, is the requirement for consent of the participants. The participants, only after singing the consent forms, which have been viewed and approved by the Review Board of the Duke University Medical Center, have been approached by the authors for interview. Another ethical aspect that has been considered by the article is the fact that the main participants belonged to the minor age group. Considering this, the authors have allowed the parents to participate in the interviews along with the children also (Hartas, 2015). Ethical Gaps in the concerned article The methods of research incorporated in the concerned article, includes the conduction of extensive interviews with the sample selected , who have been children aged not more than 13 years during the first phase of the interviews. The article states that the parents or the primary care givers had also participated in the interviews along with the children and their opinions have also been taken into account. However, the article is not seen to highlight the precautions and additional cares which had been taken during the periods of interviews of the children. Children, falling under the most vulnerable class for the purpose of direct human interaction and interviews, taking extra care about the implications of the interviews on their mental and physical conditions needs to be taken by the researchers as improper questions or throw of questions can trigger negative emotional distress or extreme fear and intimidation among them. The topic of concern being bullying, it had to be account by the researchers that their actions and questions could have left impressions on the brain and mind of the children interviewed. For combating the same, it was necessary to keep proper arrangements, which could have soothed the child after interview. On the other hand, though the consent forms had been used, however, it had been mostly the parents who decided about the consent of the child. The consent of the child interviewed and whether he actually perceived the intentions and questions of the researchers correctly is not clear from the assertions of the authors. Ethical Issues presented in the article As is evident from the above discussion, the article which has been taken into consideration by the concerned research deals with the implications of bullying on both the short term as well as the long-term mental and physical healthcare of the bullied as well as the bullies. The issue of bullying is an extremely sensitive and personal issue for those who remain at the receiving side as well as those who create the problem (Miller et al., 2012). The victims of bullying feel vulnerable and embarrassed to depict the incidents which happened to them to any person, especially to strangers. On the other hand those who are involved in bullying others also remain secretive in opening up and accepting their faults, mostly due to the fear of negative repercussions and judgments on part of the listeners. Dealing with such a sensitive issue becomes even more complicated if the sample size chosen is underage. This makes the incorporation and proper addressing of the ethical issues which can arise during the research process an absolute necessity. The primary issues which had been most likely to have cropped up in the ethical aspect of the concerned research, includes the issue of integrity and dignity of the respondents, the effects on their mental and physical health, personal biases in the perception of rights and wrongs and the long term implications of the interview procedure on the respondents (Hoe Hoare, 2012). Another crucial ethical consideration, which is especially true for this particular research, is that the questions for the children could have distorted their mental stability to a considerable extent, which in turn had the chance to make the research ethically unacceptable. Implications of the issues as ethical challenges The issues put forward by the personnel interviewed in the concerned article, which has been taken into reference by the project, are of considerable importance and can be treated as the common ethical challenges in the contemporary research framework. The issues, which are highlighted, can be linked with the existing theoretical and conceptual framework existing in the ethical aspects of research, especially with the most popular framework already existing in this respect, the Belmont Principles on ethical obligations in any kind of research (Department of Health, 2014). Ethical Challenges: Belmont Report As per the Belmont report, there are three ethical principles, which need to be abided by all the researchers to make their research wholesome, unbiased and socially and ethically acceptable. These are as follows: Respecting persons- According to this principle, the researcher needs to ensure that the research techniques and interaction methods, which he or she is applying, respect the autonomy of the people who are participating in the research. For this, the participants need to be provided with relevant and adequate information regarding the concerned research (Miracle, 2016). The decisions of the participants regarding participation in the research and sharing their opinions should also be completely respected and accepted by the researcher and there should not be any forced or influenced views taken in the research. Moreover, special protections are required to be taken if vulnerable people and children are also involved in the research. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants also needs to be maintained (Bromley et al., 2015). Beneficence- Another crucial aspect which has to be incorporated in the ethical framework, is that there remains no or minimum risks for the participants and the research actually benefits them. This indicates towards the fact that often the research processes leave negative implications on the participants, physical as well as mental, which reduces the integrity and acceptability of the concerned research considerably. This needs to be minimized as per the ethical requirements of researches (Brakewood Poldrack, 2013). Justice- This highlights the need for equal implications and considerations of all the parties involved in the concerned research, such that the burdens as well as the benefits of the researches are accrued to all the participants and are not accumulated to any one particular section of the participants. All the sections of the population should be included and given same opportunity, as per the ethical requirements of the researches (Dresser, 2012). All the three principles point towards the challenges which exists in the ethical framework of research in the contemporary world, which are highly in relevance to the concerned article as they have similarity with the issues highlighted in the article. These have to be taken into account by the researchers in the educational and social science domains as for any research to be qualitatively superior, unbiased and acceptable, it is of crucial importance that the same is done keeping the ethical issues in mind. The research are done mainly to find out facts and solutions which cater to the increase in the overall welfare of the society as a whole (Fujii, 2012). Reflection As discussed above, ethics has been increasingly becoming one of the primary components in every arena of human life, which also includes research and academic practices. In this context, studying the concerned article and the assertions put forward by the participants whose views has been quantitatively incorporated in the article, gave me useful insights regarding the implications and significance of ethical considerations in the contemporary periods. The primary thing, which I understood by reviewing the concerned article, is that of the many roles of the academic and especially social science researchers, one of the primary ones is to conduct the research in an ethical framework (Marshall Rossman, 2014). This is primarily because if while carrying out the research the integrity and dignity of the participants are compromised or if any biased or forced views are incorporated by the researchers, then the research findings are bound to be compromised in terms of quality and can face non-acceptance in the ethical grounds (Bryman, 2015). This becomes even more crucial if the sample set considered includes vulnerable age groups or those with other vulnerabilities (Lange, Rogers Dodds, 2013). Researches being mainly done with the objective of increasing the overall societal welfare, I also understood the challenges of trade-offs between long-term welfare of the society and integrity and welfare of the participants, which the research ers need to face. This in turn made me more intrigued to study the theoretical frameworks present in these aspects and to search for the effective ethical frameworks to combat these challenges. The importance of the ethical committees also became more prominent to me. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that ethics is one of the primary components, which have to be taken into consideration by the researchers across the world. With the approaches becoming more humane and the assessment of the procedures becoming more stringent and vigilant, the challenges of the researchers have also been increasing and often they are subjected to face tradeoffs between their own convenience and the welfare of the participants. This also makes the coordination and cooperation of the researchers with the ethical committees necessary to improve the quality of research works. There still exits gaps in the aspect of efficient ethical frameworks for research, which with proper addressing can help the researchers in reducing the hurdles in these aspects. References Anderson, E. E., Solomon, S., Heitman, E., DuBois, J. M., Fisher, C. B., Kost, R. G., ... Ross, L. F. (2012). Research ethics education for community-engaged research: A review and research agenda.Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics,7(2), 3-19. Battiste, M. (2016). Research Ethics for Chapter Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage.Ethical futures in qualitative research: Decolonizing the politics of knowledge,111. Brakewood, B., Poldrack, R. A. (2013). The ethics of secondary data analysis: Considering management application of Belmont principles to the sharing of neuroimaging data.Neuroimage,82, 671-676. Bromley, E., Mikesell, L., Jones, F., Khodyakov, D. (2015). From subject to participant: Ethics and the evolving role of community in health research.American journal of public health,105(5), 900-908. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013).Research methods in education. Routledge. Department of Health, E. (2014). The Belmont Report. Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research.The Journal of the American College of Dentists,81(3), 4. Dresser, R. (2012). Aligning regulations and ethics in human research.Science,337(6094), 527-528. Fujii, L. A. (2012). Research ethics 101: Dilemmas and responsibilities.PS: Political Science Politics,45(4), 717-723. Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E. (2015).Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, Global Edition: Edition 11. Pearson Education Limited. Hartas, D. (Ed.). (2015).Educational research and inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Bloomsbury Publishing. Hoe, J., Hoare, Z. (2012). Understanding quantitative research: Part 1.Nursing Standard (through 2013),27(15-17), 52. Lange, M. M., Rogers, W., Dodds, S. (2013). Vulnerability in research ethics: a way forward.Bioethics,27(6), 333-340. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2014).Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Miracle, V. A. (2016). The Belmont Report: the triple crown of research ethics.Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing,35(4), 223-228. Neuman, W. L. (2013).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson education. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2014).Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Resnik, D. B. (2015, December). What is ethics in research why is it important. Inideas. Wolke, D., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Costello, E. J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes.Psychological science,24(10), 1958-1970.

Drug Abuse In America Essays - Anabolic Steroids,

Drug Abuse In America Dangers of Anabolic Steroids In the past three decades, steroids has been becoming a serious problem more than ever in the athletic field. Steroids are anabolic drug to build growth hormones that include the androgens (male sex hormones) principally testosterone and estrogen and progestogens (female sex hormones). Steroids were first developed for medical purposes. They're used in controlling inflammation, strengthening weakened hearts, preventing conception, and alleviating symptoms of arthritis and asthma. Unfortunately research has shown that steroids have been abused in almost every kind of sport. Although steroids contribute to a muscular body, usage should remain illegal because they physically deteriorate and mentally destroy the body. Many people are fascinated about steroids because of their ability to build up the body. Whether taken by injection or the pill it increases strength and endurance. Steroids also help in the healing process of muscular tissue by first injuring them, then the muscles heal quicker adding more fiber increasing their bulk. Many athletes turn to steroids more often because they're cheaper then marijuana or cocaine. A ten week cycle of testosterone cypinate and methandrostone costs only about one hundred dollars. Steroids are also very hard to trace because of their water base composition. They can pass through the body within two days. All these benefits of steroids help an athletes become more competitive and increase their chance of being a winner. Of course everybody wants better biceps and triceps but when using steroids to achieve this goal there is a large price to pay. However, steroids should remain illegal because they physically deteriorate the whole body system. When injected one risks the chances of developing hematoma and contracting AIDS. In women steroids contribute to the growth of facial hair, enlargements of the clitoris, shrinkage of the uterus, sterility, deepening of the voice, decrease in breast size and irregularity of the menstrual cycle. In men steroids cause shrinkage of the testicles, decrease in sperm count, sterility, impotence, prostate enlargement and growth of female breast. In both men and women hair loss, liver ailments, acne, atherosierosis and cancer are very common. This dangerous drug shortens the life span up to twenty years and increases the chance of obtaining diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The side effects and reactions from enduring anabolic steroids are endless. Along with the physical problems there are also mental reactions associated with the usage of steroids. This drug becomes very addictive and damaging to the mind. It causes violent episodes which an athlete can claim a legal insanity defense to it. They get so wrapped up psychologically that the negative effects doesn't matter to them. Research has also discovered that steroids cause psychotic side effects sometimes referred to as roid mania. Along with these are wild aggressive, combative behavior, depression, listlessness and delusions during and after performance. Even though the game is over athletes want to continue competing. Steroids mentally destroy the brain and ability to reason. Overall the usage of steroids is very damaging to the human body. Even though it physically builds up the body for better performance the risks of use are enormous. Steroids physically deteriorate and mentally destroy the body. The usage of steroids provides an unfair advantage to non-user athletes and therefore should remain illegal for non-medical use. Social Issues Essays

A Jury of Her Peers Speaks Volumes Above Trifles

A Jury of Her Peers Speaks Volumes Above Trifles Free Online Research Papers â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Speaks Volumes Above â€Å"Trifles† While Susan Glaspell’s drama â€Å"Trifles† uses actors to vocalize the many emotions of the story of the investigation of Minnie Wright, her short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† makes the emotions very clear without making a sound. Susan Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† makes the reader feel the emotions evoked by Minnie Wright’s story much deeper than her drama version of the same story, â€Å"Trifles†. Glaspell uses basically the same dialogue and action in both works but she is able to elicit much stronger feelings in her short story by including descriptive passages to accompany the dialogue in her narration. These passages evoke intense feelings from the characters and introduce new emotions. The introduction of new feelings gives the story a more passionate impact on the reader and more emotional depth. The emotional depth of â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† allows the characters sentiments to be felt by the reader more easily than the sentiments conveyed by the drama â€Å"Trifles†. The intensity and range of emotions created by Glaspell’s use of narration makes the emotional impact of â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† grea ter than that of â€Å"Trifles†. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† and â€Å"Trifles†, the characters’ emotions are not only stated in the dialogue but are also expressed through their actions. The narration in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† makes these emotions more vivid by exaggerating the characters’ actions which places more emphasis on the feelings that provoked the action. In â€Å"Trifles†, the passage â€Å"We don’t know who killed him. We don’t know.† is delivered by Mrs. Peters â€Å"With rising voice† (Speech 130). But in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†, Glaspell has Mrs. Peters whisper the same passage â€Å"wildly† as if she is frantic to believe Minnie is innocent (182). Both passages use the same words, but the passage from â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† has a stronger emotional impact simply because of the exaggerated expression of Mrs. Peters in the descriptive narration of the story. The use of exaggerated actions makes the emotions of characters such as Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale seem more real to the reader and prompts the reader to experience exact emotions. Glaspell introduces precise wording into her short story version to bring out specific feelings from her characters. In â€Å"Trifles†, Minnie’s skirt is scrutinized by Mrs. Hale while in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Mrs. Hale handles Minnie’s â€Å"shabby black skirt† with â€Å"carefulness† (Glaspell 178). By introducing more descriptive text, Glaspell makes Mrs. Hale’s compassion for Minnie evident to the reader. Glaspell’s new descriptive text in her short story empowers the characters with a broader range of emotions and this entices the reader to relate with the characters on a more personal level. As well as giving more impact to the characters emotions and introducing some new sentiments, Glaspell also uses new passages of text to describe the setting of the story. New passages of text included in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† allow Glaspell to have more emotional impact on the reader by describing the setting of the story for the reader. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†, the setting of the story is established by Glaspell before the characters ever enter the farmhouse. Glaspell’s initial description of the farmhouse is described with Mrs. Hale’s thought â€Å"it looked very lonesome† as the party of characters approach the house (â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†, 172). This foreshadows the loneliness of Minnie’s existence. In â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell describes the setting as an â€Å"abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, a gloomy kitchen† at the beginning of the play (1291). While this does tell the reader something abo ut the setting, it does not evoke emotion as well as the narration in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†. The fact that Glaspell describes the setting well enough for the reader to envision the scene in his mind gives her short story version the ability to leave a more poignant impression on the reader. This ability makes â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† more successful at conveying the emotions of the characters and the reasons for the characters actions to the reader than â€Å"Trifles†. While Susan Glaspell’s drama â€Å"Trifles† is a great work of drama, her short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† leaves the reader with a greater degree of emotional involvement. Her use of description and narration brings the characters emotions and actions to life in the reader’s imagination. The use of precise wording in the text elicits from the reader specific emotions that are conveyed by the characters and settings. Glaspell’s use of basically the same dialogue and setting in both works makes the story familiar to the reader, but the emotions of the characters are explored more fully by the author in â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers†. Glaspell’s exploration of the character’s emotions and actions and the setting of the story is highly effective at impacting the reader more fully in the short story version. This effectiveness gives â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† the advantage of greater emotional impact than its predecesso r â€Å"Trifles†. Roberts, Edgar V. and Henry E. Jacobs, eds. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2007. Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† Roberts and Jacobs 172-84. . â€Å"Trifles.† Roberts and Jacobs 1291-1300. 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Hamiltons Views on Judicial Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hamiltons Views on Judicial Power - Essay Example The concept is enshrined in the constitution of the United States and in the various states that expressly forbids each branch of government to usurp the power of any other branch. Hamilton gives the anxiety of their time that because the legislature holds the purse strings and the executive the sword of society, the impartiality of the courts can be undermined, that it is the weakest branch of government with neither will nor force to enforce its judgement. Considering the fact that the the constitution provides for certain limitations which the legislature is proscribed from enacting such as bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, the question arosed on how the courts may declare such unconstitutional law null and void with impartiality and justice. Hamilton rationalized that the two non-judicial branches must not take offense for the declaration of their acts as unconstitutional as one of interference because the court is only declaring the letter of the constitution and did not do so as one superior to them, that the act does not constitute a substitution of their will or pleasure. The constitution, in order to assure the independence of judges, declares their tenure of service as permanent based pm good behavior. The periodic appointment of judges would likely indebt them to either executive or legislative branch responsible for their appointment. The independence of the judiciary is essential to the enforcement of the constitution because it is an aspect, like that of separation of powers, of the concept of "checks and balance" and ultimately of governance. Judicial independence is not only a normative ideal but an institutional virtue as well. And in the said virtue and ideal lies the capacity of the courts to protect individual rights, to police the structural limits of governmental power and to decide individual disputes based on the applicable law and the factual records of each case without regard to intimidation or other impermissible influences, if any. Judge Learned Hand (1958) urged caution in the exercise of judicial power. He considered the source and nature of the power of judicial constitutional review as necessary to prevent the failure of the government created by the constitution. He also proposed judicial restraint, saying that the power should be "confined to the need that evoked it" meaning, as a check on the usurpation of power by the other branches. For him the judiciary plays the necessary role in maintaining a government "between absolutism and the kind of democracy that so often prevailed in Greek cities during the sixth to fourth centuries before our era." Like Hamilton and Montesquieu, Hand believes that no single branch should have absolute power, especially not the judiciary. Modern thinkers (Shane, 1998) proffer that the paradigm of judicial restraint may often be misleading, unhelpful and even counter-productive. They propose another paradigm, that of "inter-branch accountability." They admit that "every branch has the power to make life more difficult for

Hatshepsut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hatshepsut - Research Paper Example III. Analysis of Hatshepsut A. The World Scene 1. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for about twenty-two years from 1479 to 1458 B.C 2. Hatshepsut faced problems related to gender discrimination in leadership positions, and typical feminine representations. 3. Several factors around Hatshepsut facilitated her reign and success as an Egyptian pharaoh, such as the death of Thomose I, absence of appropriate successor, and Egypt’s wealth as well as peace. B. Actions of Hatshepsut 1. Hatshepsut is renowned as a prolific builder because of her spectacular Egyptian monuments and temples featured in ancient Egyptian history. 2. Hatshepsut attained significant achievements in trade and military expeditions. C. Impact of Hatshepsut 1. Hatshepsut provides an affirmative perspective on women leadership 2. Hatshepsut revealed the need for women to stand against discriminative policies and rules. 3. Hatshepsut’s made exceptional contributions to politics 4. Hatshepsut made contributions in arch itectural designs through her creative concepts embedded in monuments as well as temples. IV. Conclusion A. Hatshepsut was an influential leader whose actions and decisions affect the history of the world, especially Egypt. B. Historical figures make great history Hatshepsut’s Historical Contributions Introduction Historical figures are significant contributors of world History. The apparition of their intellect, exquisiteness of their art, their divine inspiration as well as leadership prowess results to enhancement of the world’s history. Some historians argue that societal, economic, and technological aspects are more imperative to history compared to individuals’ actions and decisions. However, historical figures or great men are credited for various essential developments in the past that significantly feature in contemporary recorded history. This paper will analyze Hatshepsut’s contributions during her reign as an Egyptian pharaoh with respect to t he Great Man theory by Thomas Carlyle, and it will also attempt to reveal the importance of historical figures’ actions and decisions in history. Analysis of Hatshepsut Background Hatshepsut was Thutmose I and Queen Ahmose’s eldest daughter, wife to Thutmose II, mother to Neferure. Hatshepsut was one of the renowned, triumphant pharaohs as well as famous female-ruler in history, whose time in power superseded those of other women in the native Egyptian dynasty. The name Hatshepsut refers to the â€Å"most noble of noble ladies† signifying her unprecedented power attainment among ancient Egyptian women, and eventual crowning as pharaoh during the eighteenth dynasty. Hatshepsut initially acted as a co-regent to her stepson; Thutmose III, but she became pharaoh after about seven years. This marked Hatshepsut’s desertion of Queen’s roles as well as titles with the commencement of her reign as a female and conventional pharaoh. Hatshepsut reputation as a remarkable pharaoh is associated with various outstanding activities that took place during her reign. These included her participation in trade as well as armies expeditions, construction of some of the greatest Egyptian monuments, and acquisition of male roles in her leadership as pharaoh. Furthermore, Hatshepsut remained in power as pharaoh for twenty-two years before the reign of her successor, Thutmose III (Hill 3). The World Scene Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for about

Rising to the Call with Sound Political Leadership Research Paper

Rising to the Call with Sound Political Leadership - Research Paper Example Through wise decisions, meaningful and sincere rhetoric, and the ability to assert his authority as needed, President Abraham Lincoln was an example of a true leader within the American political landscape. Leadership in the political arena requires a certain amount of detachment from sentimentality so that decision making can be done without the burdens of emotions that will cause too long of hesitation in action. This doesn’t mean that emotions are not present, but that they can be controlled in order to act within a larger framework of the greater good. Vivian Holliday, professor of history from the College of Wooster, discusses the nature of leadership as it is presented through both Machiavelli and Socratic/Platonic principles. She states that: Machiavelli is the principal founder of a ‘realist’ theory of leadership that portrays politics as a pure struggle for power in which all moral considerations are set aside, and that focuses the theory and practice of leadership on success as measured solely in terms of the acquisition and maintenance of power and the protection and promotion of the interests of the nation-state or some other political collectivity† (Holliday 51). ... Holliday also includes in her discussion the more idealistic Socratic/Platonic concept of political leadership suggesting that it should be tempered with the Machiavellian concepts. Through this interpretation of political leadership, the leader is integrally connected to followers and to morals, his or her platform, and idealism defining a virtue with which he or she leads. Holliday states that â€Å"The rhetorical strategy of this image of the ideal philosopher-leader is again most visible when we consider critically the image of new leadership that is vested with Socratic/Platonic knowledge and virtue and that leads through dialogue and education† (63). This also suggests that beyond the connectivity to followers and morals, a good leader uses communication and academically founded intelligent consideration in leading his people through whatever conflict that arises.

Analysis Of Sabmillers Direction Commerce Essay

Analysis Of Sabmillers Direction Commerce Essay Over the past century, the worlds demand for beer increased significantly due to economic growth. Meanwhile, the following competitive pressure and challenges the breweries facing are becoming the big challenge in developing markets. SABMiller has already become one of the worlds leading brewers with more than 200 beer brands and some 70,000 employees in over 75 countries. However, it still faced both opportunities and threats. It may needs to reconsider the positions and establish competitive advantages accordingly. 1. Analysis of SABMillers direction SABMillers strategic priorities (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) showed that higher market share and greater influence of brand portfolios extension are the most important directions of SABMillers strategies. It can be presented by the following contents. 1.1 Direction of strategy chosen According to the introduction of Johnson (2011), Ansoffs matrix of corporate strategy directions can display SABMillers strategic direction. Ansoff (1988) provides four zones, which is market penetration, new products and services, market development and conglomerate diversification, being used in existing and new market with existing and new products and service, respectively. SABMillers direction mainly included the B zone and C zone. B zone means developing new products for its existing markets, as SABMiller acquired amount of premium and local brands to make new and strong brand portfolios in Europe and America market. C zone shows bringing existing products into new market. As it can be seen in SABMillers 2000 report, SAB caught the opportunities to create a profitable and fast-expanding business in undeveloped world through providing high quality beer and taking a share with local partners.(As shown in Figure 1) Page 1 of 10 Figure 1 corporate strategy directions Products/services Existing New A. Market penetration B. New products and services C. Market development D. Conglomerate diversification Existing Market New Source: Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, (2011) Overall, the directions of strategy are around the different markets and brand portfolios. SABMiller used the right decision to create new profits and consolidate their position in the world market. 1.2 Means of growth The growth of SABMiller over the time period concentrated on the key of MA (merger and acquisition) and strategic alliance, according to the different markets and consumers. In the developed world, in order to catering to the increasing high-end market and consumers, SABMiller set out the strong, relevant brand portfolios in the local market. Affluent consumers were varying their choices and becoming more interested in speciality brands, craft beers and foreign imports. (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) In the less developed world, SABMiller improved market share with taking a share in a brewery with local partners, remaining the brand which has been acquired and providing high-quality beer in proper price. Therefore, SABMiller tried its best to control the fragmentation absolutely. The main method it carried out are: Page 2 of 101. Alliance. Joint venture is cooperation of two or more individuals or businesses in which each agrees to share profit, loss, and control in the specific of enterprise. (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) Such as SABMiller formed a joint venture with Chinese Snow Breweries to enrich its portfolio so that it can enter the Chinese brewery market. (The Business Journal, 2006) 2. Acquisition. One firm takes over the ownership of another. (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) For example, SABMiller has already controlled 99 percent of the market in South Africa (Economist 2005) and the acquisition of the Forsters business and Miller. (Economist, 2011) 3. Merger. The combination of two previously separates organizations, typically as more or less equal partners. (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) For instance, SABMiller and Molson Coors, the nations No. 2 and No. 3 brewers, merge their operations in the United States and Puerto Rico.(The New York Times, 2007) 1.3 Strategic rationale The initial rationale surrounding acquisition was that the deal would enhance SABMiller market share in the beer market. SABMillers motivation in the deal was to exploit the potential of the brand extensions in international markets, both in native, established areas (south Africa, Europe and America), as well as in burgeoning emerging markets. However, the company envisioned significant additional potential for the acquired brand across the world, where the premium segment was and is still in its infancy as the emerging market in mid-1990s. Europe, the traditional central market of the beer industry, has recovered from turning off beer through the off-trade from 2000 to 2010. A good deal of this increasing demand for premium products is being satisfied by the import from overseas apparently. (As shown in Table 1) Table 1: Imports of beer by country country Imports 2002(%) Imports 2008(%) United Kingdom Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy 10.9 4.74 2.6 2.3 23 3.1 27.2 17.7 12.8 10.5 10.1 31.4 7.6 33.5 Source: Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, (2011) Page 3 of 10SABMiller found the upward tendency and responded by buying Dutch specialist Grolsch in 2007. (Ewing, 2007) This acquisition of Grolsch not only replaced Amstel in the South African portfolios, but also filled a large gap in SABMillers international brand portfolios. The strategies SABMiller used make sense that their overall strength were consolidated and made profit from its financial report. 2. SABMillers industry competitive For the industry situation, it is necessary for SABMiller to analyse its competitive advantages as well as the core resource and competence. 2.1 Competitive advantages According to the theory of Porters generic strategies (1985), cost leadership strategy means the companys cost is the lowest in the industry and hence get much higher profit compared to competitors from the market price. Differentiation strategy means the companys product or service is not available from its competitors. The company can set a much higher price for its uniqueness and cover its higher costs. Focus strategy includes cost focus and differentiation focus. Both of which target a narrow segment market and try to meet their specific needs respectively. (As shown in Figure 2) The strategy adopted by SABMiller is differentiation focus strategy, which could be observed from the first characteristic. Figure 2: Porters Generic Strategies Target segment 1 Cost leadership 2 Differentiation 3a Cost focus 3b Differentiation Focus Broad target Narrow target Low High Cost Page 4 of 10Source: adapt from Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, (2011) Firstly, it is no doubt that developing the local and international brands or brand Page 5 of 10 Page 4 of 10 Page 4 of 10 Page of 10 Page 4 of 10portfolios that are the first choice of consumers so that they can create more attractive value is the one of the four priorities (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) in different markets. It means that the superior products provided by SABMiller are allowed to give a higher price than rivals. This is apparently in accordance with the definition of the differentiation advantage. Based on this, it is SABMillers competitive advantage that to own and nurture those attractive local and global brand portfolios that made more profits for it. Secondly, cost (related to cost leadership) and geographic advantage of SABMiller are in favor of its development. Acquisition and Alliance around the world have already help SABMiller to acquire numbers of factories and facilities and exploit the market so that it can cut down the investment on those projects in other countries. (Schoenberg, 2005) Thirdly, SABMiller succeeds because it attracts, develop and reward employees who have the passion to make a significant contribution to the continued growth of its business. Norman Adami, previously head of its South Africa Beer business, was appointed as Head of Miller, helped Miller to avoid exposing weakness and exploiting its strength. (SABMiller, 2012) 2.2 Management of threshold Threshold capabilities are those needed for an organization to meet the necessary requirements to compete in a given market and achieve parity with competitors in that market. (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) The beer industry is easy to enter and the competition in this industry is also cut-throat. The threshold resources are required to meet minimum customers requirements and the capabilities deployed resources so as to meet customers requirements and support particular strategies. SABMiller improved the threshold through a series of acquisition and owned amount of resources and competences to proceed the next strategic step such as consolidation and extension of different levels of markets. For instance, the SABMiller has the plenty of funds to acquisition the company which have the rest value for it to use. 2.3 Core resource and competence There are two components of strategic capability: resources and competences. Resources are the assets that organisations have or can call upon. Competences are the ways those assets are used or deployed effectively. Table 2 shows the SABMillers resources and competences Table 2 Components of strategic capability Strategic capability Resources Categories Competences Wide range of brand portfolios Factories with super equipment Experience and operating practices Physical Diversification of products Improving the market share in geographically Being Familiar with the operating in this industry Plenty of funds to support acquisition Financial Giving the access into the world market more confidentially Well trained staffs experienced managers Human high efficiency influence of decision Source: Adapt from (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) The physical resources are basic for producers. According to the different markets and sales experience, SABMiller launched the famous brand portfolios by acquiring and alliance to account for a space in the industry. SABMiller has the strong funds support from its shareholders. By contrast to 2007, the investment in subsidiaries went up to 13,429 in March 2008. In addition, the performance of SABMiller was also great. The increasing of both revenue and profit before tax was over 16% from 2007 to 2008. (SABMiller, 2012) Page 6 of 10In terms of the human resource, excellent staffs and management acquired a significant boost in effectiveness. Especially, a decision maker who has the political courage and strong judiciary has the important impact on company as the Norman Adami, who is the key leader in management of Miller. 3. Strategic position and option SABMiller still has some disadvantages at present. According to the analysis above and the position of SABMiller in the industry, options are analysed before recommendation. 3.1 Consideration of the strategic option At the end of the case the SAB Mill faced how the group could continue to sustain its historical growth rate and performance going forward. Meanwhile, global competitors have already fought vigorously for market share. Even there are comments about AB I nBev will have a bid for SABMiller. (Lucas, 2011) The tendency was really against the development of SABMiller. At the same time, its brand development and capital control and utilization problems should be resolved. With the beer industry consolidated rapidly, SABMiller should take into account some aspects as following: 1. Cost of acquisition and alliances The business of SABMiller is internationalisation. SABMiller made the use of assets which are acquired by acquisition and alliance in both developed and undeveloped countries. SABMiller needed to occupy the premium beer market and keep the growing sales volumes to make more profits. Therefore, financial support played a key role in the series of measures. When SABMiller would be able to recover the investments and the cost of operating capital had to be considered carefully. 2. Market modification In the future world market, the ABI will be concentrated on USA, which is one of the most important traditional markets. Plus, Heineken and Carlsberg were invested heavily in Africa and Russia, respectively. Meanwhile Japanese brewers are developing very rapidly in emerging Asia market. The more new brewers come into the industry, the fiercer competition will be among them. Therefore, the SABMiller should pay more attention to keep up with the market changing and take measures quickly. It needs to consolidate the original position in constant areas and permeate gradually through the emerging market. Page 7 of 10 3.2. Strategic position In 2012, SABMiller is operating in a complex political, economic, social and technological world. To evaluate the strategic position of SABMiller and give the recommendation, it is better to analyse macro-environment, through which, the critical environmental factors can be identified. This could be done by Table 3 analysis, which provides a comprehensive list of influences on the possible success or failure of particular strategies. Table 3: PESTEL analysis Political Sensitivity of government Domestic protection policy Economic Exchange risk The growth of demand Ingredient price Consolidation in the industry Social Lifestyle change (more entertainment party and club) Disease influence Technological New product Brand portfolio Environment The climate issues (lead to the lack of water) Legal Due to the local law, takeover attempts may generate problems Source: adapt from (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, 2011) Through PESTEL analysis(Tomas,2007), it is obvious that the tougher political and legal factors combined with stricter environmental regulations give the SABMiller some challenges in the process of reducing operational cost, although theres some help provide by the technological factors. In addition, the unpredictable exchange risk (soft currency) and climate issues (water risk) make the challenges scale extended. In another side, the social lifestyle change in premium market gives the SABMiller a chance to compete with other competitors in the aspect of sale volumes. 3.3 Strategic pursuit Through the analysis above, we can use SWOT (Jacob, Shepherd, Johnson, 1998) to conclude the whole situation of SABMiller: Page 8 of 10 1. Strengths: The competitive advantages, core resources and competence are the most important parts of SABMiller that include local and international brands and super equipments. 2. Weakness: SABMiller needs to control the financial management better rather than overusing them to purchasing power to force down ingredient prices. 3. Opportunities: With the development of economics, the consumption level of individuals is rising rapidly so that the market outlook is becoming more and more prospective. 4. Threats: In this industry, marketing competition is fierce and cruel. Especially, the key competitor, ABInbev, which is the largest brewery in the world, has the stronger power than SABMiller. SABMiller has to exploit its advantages and control the weakness. The first step before expansion is to maintain the current scale of the business. The investors benefits should be ensured so that it can acquire support from them. What is more, SABMiller should try its best to keep the market share, the quality and quantity of products and service. In addition, the financial management is another factor which is difficult to control such as exchanged rate and currency liquidity. Even though expending world market is really efficient, it has to keep the position within the industry urgently. Conclusion SABMiller is a company which developed through the acquisition of other businesses, meanwhile, to achieve such performance is not easy in a short period of time. In the case of the intensity of rivalry in the beer industry, it still needs strong and effective strategic decisions for future target plans. Through this analysis, SABMiller groundbreaking own brand positioning and operations of the acquired businesses as well as cash flow management. Page 9 of 10

Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa

Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we... Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we...

Dynamic Programming Essay

Dynamic Programming is a mathematical technique dealing with the optimization of multistage decision processes. In this technique, decisions regarding a certain problem are typically optimized in stages rather than simultaneously. This generally signifies that the original decision problem is divided into small sub-problem (stages) which can then be handled more efficiently from the computational view point. Basic Elements of Dynamic Programming To apply Dynamic Programming, we have to pay special attention to the three basic elements of the DP Model. They are: 1. Definition of the stages. 2. Definition of the alternatives at each stage. 3. Definition of the states for each stage. Definition of the states varies depending on the situation being modeled. Nevertheless, as we investigate each application, we will find it helpful to consider the following questions: 1. What relationships bind the stages together? 2. What information is needed to make feasible decisions at the current stage without reexamining the decisions made at previous stages? Application of the Dynamic Programming in the Business World We will try to present three application models and finally a worked out implementation of Dynamic Programming showing the superiority of DP over the usual or straight forward method of solution. 1. Work Force Model: In some construction projects, hiring and firing are exercised to maintain a labour force that meets the needs of the project. Given that the activities of hiring and firing both incur additional costs. In such cases, through the implementation of DP Model, we can get the optimum result regarding how the labor force should be maintained throughout the life of the project. For example: A construction contractor estimates that the size of the work force needed over the next 5 weeks is to be 5, 7, 8, 4 and 6 workers respectively. Excess labor kept on the force will cost $300 per week and new hiring in any week will incur a fixed cost of $400 plus $200 per worker per week. The elements of this DP model are: 1. Stage i Such problem can optimally be solved through DP Model. Equipment Replacement Model: The longer a machine stays in service, the higher is its maintenance cost, and the lower its productivity. When a machine reaches a certain age, it may be more economical to replace it. The problem thus turns into determining the most economical age of a machine. Suppose that we are studying the machine replacement problem over a span of n years. At the start of each year, we decide whether to keep the machine in service an extra year or to replace it with a new one. For example: Shajib Farms wants to develop a replacement policy for its 2-year-old tractor over the next 5 years. A tractor must be kept in service for at least 3 years, but must be disposed of after 5 years. The current purchase price of a tractor is $40,000 and increases by 10% a year. The salvage value of a 1-year-old tractor is $30,000 and decreases by 10% a year. The current annual operating cost of the tractor is $1,300 but is expected to increase by 10% a year. Such problem can optimally be solved easily by applying DP Model. Investment Model We commonly assume that an investor wants to maximize â€Å"Total Return†. Suppose that Mr. Jamal wants to invest Tk. 4,000,000 (4 Million) now and 2,000,00 (2 Million) at the starts of years 2 to 4. The interest rate offered by NCC Bank is 8% compounded annually and the bonuses over the next 4 years are 1.8%, 1.7%, 2.1% and 2.5% respectively. The annual interest rate offered by Eastern Bank is 2% lower than that of NCC Bank, but its bonus is .5% higher. The objective is to maximize the accumulated capital at the end of 4 years. Such problem can also optimally be solved easily by applying DP Model. A company is selecting the advertising for its productand the frequency of advertising by each material are shown in the following table: |Frequency per week |Expected Sales (In Tk. 1,000) | | |Television |Radio |Newspaper | |0 |0 |0 |0 | |1 |25 |20 |33 | |2 |42 |38 |43 | |3 |55 |54 |47 | |4 |63 |65 |50 | We have to determine the optimum combination of advertising frequency and sales. Solution: States: Let X1= The frequency of advertisement at stage-1 (0~6) X2= The frequency of advertisement at stage-2 (0~6) X3= The frequency of advertisement at stage-3 (=6) S= Total Frequncy Stage-1 |Total Frequency (S) |Frequency at |Expected Sales | | |Stage-1(X1) | | |0 |0 |0 | |1 |1 |25 | |2 |2 |42 | |3 |3 |55 | |4 |4 |63 | Stage-2 | X2 |f 2(S, X2)=R2(X2)+ f 1*(S-X2) | | | | | |f2*(S) |X2* | |S | | | | | |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | | | |0 |0+0=0 | | | | |0 |0 | |1 |0+25=25 |20+0=20 | | | |25 |0 | |2 |0+42=42 |20+25=45 |38+0=38 | | |45 |1 | |3 |0+55=55 |20+42=62 |38+25=63 |54+0=54 | |63 |2 | |4 |0+63=63 |20+55=75 |38+42=80 |54+25=79 |65+0=65 |80 |2 | Stage-3 | X2 |f 3(S, X3)=R3(X3)+ f 2*(S-X3) | | | | | |f3*(S) |X3* | |S | | | | | |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | | | |4 |0+80=80 |33+63=96 |43+45=88 |47+25=72 |50+0=50 |96 |1 | Now we can derive the optimal values: X1=1 X2=2 X3=1 Expected Sales= 96,000 Usual or Straight forward method of solution √ Circle indicates alternative plans at each stage & √ Arrows represent the decision. The features of the above exhaustive enumeration scheme are: 1. All the decisions of any combination must specified before a combination can be evaluated. Here during solution, we have to make 64 alternative plans first. 2. An optimum policy cannot be determined until all combinations have been evaluated. This method is inefficient because some of the combination may not be feasible. 3. In other cases the number of combination may be too large to allow exhaustive listing. The Dynamic Programming approach avoids the above mentioned difficulties by first breaking up the problem into smaller sub-problems which are called stages in DP. A stage here signifies a portion of the problem for which a separate decision can be made.

What Do You Do Best College Interview Question

What Do You Do Best College Interview Question This question overlaps a bit with another common interview question, What will you contribute to our campus community? Here, however, the question is more pointed and perhaps more awkward. After all, you can make a wide range of contributions to a campus community. To be asked to identify just one thing that you do best is far more limiting and intimidating. As we think about a winning response, keep in mind the purpose of the question. Your college interviewer is trying to identify something that you are passionate about, something that you have devoted time and energy to mastering. The college is looking for something that sets you apart from other applicants, some skill or talent that makes you the unique person you are. Is an Academic or Non-Academic Answer Best? If asked this question, you may be tempted to use it as an opportunity to prove that you are a strong student. Im really good at math. Im fluent in Spanish. Answers such as these are fine, but they may not be your best choice. If, for example, you truly are good at math, your academic transcript, SAT scores, and AP scores already demonstrate this point. So if you answer this question by highlighting your math skills, you are telling your interviewer something that he or she already knows. The reason you have an interview to begin with is because the college has holistic admissions. The admissions folks want to evaluate you as a whole person, not as an empirical set of grades and test scores. Thus, if you answer this question with something that your transcript already presents, youve lost an opportunity to highlight a dimension of your interests and personality that cannot be gleaned from the rest of your application. Put yourself in the shoes of your interviewer. Which applicant are you most likely to remember at the end of the day?: The one who says she is good at chemistry or the one who has amazing skills making claymation movies? Will you remember the good speller  or the one who restored a 1929 Model A Ford? This is not to say that you should steer clear of academics, for the college certainly does want to enroll students who are good at math, French, and biology. But when given the opportunity, try to use your interview to highlight personal strengths that might not come across so clearly in the other parts of your application. I Dont Do Anything Really Well. What Now? First off, youre wrong. Ive been teaching for 25 years and I have yet to meet a student who isnt good at something. Sure, some students have no aptitude for math, and others cant throw a football more than two feet. You may be inept in the kitchen, and you might have a third-grade spelling ability, but you are good at something. If you dont recognize your talents, ask your friends, teachers, and parents. And if you still cant come up with something you consider yourself good at, think about these possible approaches to the question: Im an expert at failing. Read any article on the characteristics of successful people, and youll learn that they are good at failing. They take risks. They try new things. They make mistakes and hit dead ends. And heres the important partthey learn from those failures and keep trying. Successful people fail a lot.Im a good listener. This interview question might make you feel uncomfortable because it is asking you to boast about yourself. If you feel uncomfortable tooting your own horn, is that because you prefer listening to speaking? If so, great. The world needs more people who listen. Embrace your listening skills.Im good at smelling the roses. Sadly, Ive met many applicants to highly selective colleges who are so driven to succeed both academically and in their extracurriculars, that theyve lived high school wearing blinders. Are you the type of person who loves to pause and appreciate the world around you? A strong student who can also treasure a beautiful sunset or a quiet sno wfall is someone who has found a healthy balance in life. Embrace this quality. Avoid the Predictable Responses Some answers to this question are perfectly safe, but they are also remarkably predictable and tired. Answers such as these are likely to make your interviewer nod in a gesture of bored approval: Im very responsible. Great, but your interviewer doesnt know you any better after that response. Your grades already show that you are responsible, and you havent given your interviewer a new and interesting dimension to your application.Im a hard worker. See above. Your transcript tells your interviewer this. Focus on something that isnt obvious from the rest of your application.Im good at writing (or biology, math, history, etc). As discussed earlier, a response like this is perfectly fine, but its a lost opportunity. Youre likely to get asked what you want to major in, so use that moment to talk about your favorite academic subject. And again, realize that your transcript shows what subject you have mastered. A Final Word If youre like me, a question like this is rather awkward. It can be uncomfortable tooting your own horn. Approached correctly, however, the question gives you a great opportunity to present a dimension of your personality that isnt obvious from your application. Try to find a response that identifies something that makes you uniquely you. Surprise your interviewer, or present a facet of your personality and interests that will differentiate you from other applicants. More Interview Articles Master These Interview QuestionsAvoid These Common Interview MistakesCollege Interview Dress for MenCollege Interview Dress for Women