Themes, Motifs and Symbols for John Donnes Poetry

Themes ............... Lovers as Microcosms Donne incorporates the Renaissance notion of the human body as a microcosm into his love poetry. During the Renaissance, many people believed that the microcosmic human body mirrored the macrocosmic physical world. According to this belief, the intellect governs the body, much like a king or queen governs the land. Many of Donne’s poems—most notably â€Å"The Sun Rising† (1633), â€Å"The Good-Morrow† (1633), and â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping† (1633)—envision a lover or pair of lovers as being entire worlds unto themselves. But rather than use the analogy to imply that the whole world can be compressed into a small space, Donne uses it to show how lovers become so enraptured with each other that they†¦show more content†¦The speaker of Holy Sonnet 18 asks Christ to explain which bride, or church, belongs to Christ. Neither poem forthrightly proposes one church as representing the true religion, but nor does either poem reject outri ght the notion of one true church or religion. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Motifs ........... Spheres Donne’s fascination with spheres rests partly on the perfection of these shapes and partly on the near-infinite associations that can be drawn from them. Like other metaphysical poets, Donne used conceits to extend analogies and to make thematic connections between otherwise dissimilar objects. For instance, in â€Å"The Good-Morrow,† the speaker, through brilliant metaphorical leaps, uses the motif of spheres to move from a description of the world to a description of globes to a description of his beloved’s eyes to a description of their perfect love. Rather than simply praise his beloved, the speaker compares her to a faultless shape, the sphere, which contains neither corners nor edges. The comparison to a sphere also emphasizes the way in which his beloved’s face has become the world, as far as the speaker is concerned. In â€Å"A Valediction: Of Weeping,† the speaker uses the spherical shapeShow MoreRelatedWhen I Have Fears, by John Keats and Holy Sonnet 1, by John Donnes1660 Words   |  7 PagesMortality is a moving and compelling subject. This end is a confirmation of one’s humanity and the end of one’s substance. Perhaps that is why so many writers and poets muse about their own death in their writings. Keats and John Donne are two such examples of musing poets who share the human condition experience in When I Have Fears and Holy Sonnet 1. Keats begins each quatrain of the Shakespearean sonnet with a modifier, and each modifier indexes the subject of that quatrain. The modifierRead Morethatcher4803 Words   |  20 Pagesfeel the fell of dark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2. William Shakespeare, Sonnets 1-7 3. John Donne, â€Å"Valediction Forbidding Mourning†, â€Å"The Flea†, â€Å"Hymn to God, My God in my Sickness† 4. George Herbert, â€Å"The Collar†, â€Å"The Altar†, â€Å"Love III† 5. Andrew Marvell, â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† 6. T.S. Eliot, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, â€Å"Journey of the Magi† 2. Poems for individual reading: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (â€Å"That time of year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 2. John Donne, â€Å"Holy Sonnet I† (â€Å"Thou hast made me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), â€Å"Holy Sonnet IX†Read MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paperRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagess inner feelings emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts urbanization versus nostalgia for nature burden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives, political novels poetry transcendentalism Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women fuels the abolitionist movement allow people to re-imagine the American past Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · expansion of magazines, newspapers, and bookRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesmeanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work. T. S. Eliot, in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock alludes (refers) to the biblical figure John the Baptist in the line Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter, . . . In the New Testament, John the Baptists head was presented to King Herod on a platter 5. ambiguity-A statement which can contain two or more

The Video Game Industry Essay - 1651 Words

The Video Game Industry The video gaming industry has come a long way from the first home based gaming system since the Magnavox Odyssey. Through the decades, the video game industry has rapidly improved the technology to home gaming, and made arcades nonexistence. The major video gaming titans of today are Nintendo, Microsoft Xbox, and Sony Playstation. These three have been in war with each other the past ten years, and neither show signs of defeat. However the two leading competitors of high sales in the gaming industry are Microsoft Xbox and Sony Playstation. Both developers have been head to head on technological advancements and consumer marketing. Sony uses their advanced design of game console and their secrecy of their project to†¦show more content†¦Everyones watching to see how this battle plays out, because each company is pursuing a very different strategy. Sony and Microsoft are gunning for pure performance systems, while Nintendo is shooting at fun, playable games that rely more on i ts unique controllers than impressive graphics hardware. Sony hasnt demonstrated any units nor leaked significant information about the machine. This is a smart marketing strategy. Leaking information only dilutes the power of the final product launch and does nothing to actually satisfy consumers. Withholding information, on the other hand, builds buzz and word-of-mouth interest. Think of the power Apple gets from all the secrecy around its products. Sony is doing the same thing. Sony is a marketing company. It sells as much style and excitement as it does electronics. Sonys brand has in the past commanded premium prices because of Sonys savvy marketing. The companys future relies on the PlayStation 3 and the technology that comprises it. Until November because its two most exciting pieces of technology werent ready - the Cell processor chip and the Blu-ray drive. The complexity of the chip, co-developed with IBM and Toshiba, delayed the manufacture of a large enough quantity of co nsoles for a system launch. The Blu-ray Disc was jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the worlds leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell,Show MoreRelatedVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gaming demographic, but the industry hasn’t done much to make them feel welcome. During the last decade, the mainstream video game industry has seemed to operate under the same apparent assumptions: girls don’t play big action games, boys like the sexualization of girls in video games and won’t play as a female character unless she is heavily sexualized, and that girls play video games for the attention of boys. These assumptions are what allows the gaming industry to continue to focus on theirRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry792 Words   |  4 Pages The video game industry has changed a lot since its inception, and a large part of that is du e to the video game crash of 1983. Despite this, the market itself has remained roughly the same except for the actual devices in it. The quality of the video games has drastically improved over the years. Unfortunately, something that will never change are the greedy companies looking for a quick buck. While the video game industry has grown and improved since the crash, some similarities are starting toRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1344 Words   |  6 Pages In the year 2016, the video game industry hit an important milestone. As seen in this 2015-2019 analysis, the industry hit a market value of over $100,000,000,000: (â€Å"THE GLOBAL GAMES MARKET REACHES $99.6 BILLION IN 2016, MOBILE GENERATING 37%†). Just like today, 1983 was looking great for the future of video games. However, unlike today, 1983 did not go great for the video game industry, it went awfully. In 1983, the video game industry crashed and has not fully recovered to the value of the mar ketRead MoreVideo Games : The Video Game Industry1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe video game industry is one that continues to grow exponentially with consumers spending over $22 billion dollars on the gaming industry in 2014 (association, 2015). This popularity brings the opportunity to produce a stream of games that continue to expand in their nature and impact on their audience. Video games are now artistic, social and collaborative, with many allowing massive numbers of people to participate simultaneously (htt). The collaboration of the video gaming industry doesn’t stopRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Video Game Industry791 Words   |  4 PagesAn Atmosphere Unknown This is the future of the video game industry. Imagine looking through the eyes of your favorite video game character but in reality, you are actual sitting on the couch. Look to the left and you see R2-D2 trying to communicate to you. To the right, you have rebel fighters shooting at storm troopers that are attacking your home planet. Virtual reality lets you do all of this from the comfort of your home. However, Augmented reality lets you do this as well, but it is less virtualRead MoreCompetitive Positioning in the Video Game Industry639 Words   |  3 Pagesonline, PC, console, handheld and mobile game publisher with leading positions across every major category of the rapidly growing interactive entertainment software industry.†1 The video game industry of today looks vastly different than it did 10 years ago, with the stark contrast being that many firms are designing their games to be more family-friendly; the stereotypes of video games no longer being just in the realm of teenage boys. All in all, the industry is faring well with reported sales ofRead MoreVideo Game Industry : Nintendo And Sony2289 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Nowadays, the video game industry is one of the faster growing sectors in the world and it is unbelievably expected to increase its revenues for the years ahead. Big giant’s companies as Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are constantly competing and technology and innovation are vital to keep pace with this demanding and challenging field. This essay will discuss two companies within the video games industry, Nintendo and Sony, trying to define their international strategies and their proceduresRead MoreHome Video Game Industry Analysis Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesSubject: The Home Video Game Industry: Industry Analysis History In 1949 the video game was thought of for the first time by an engineer named Ralph Baer but it would be years before video games would enter the spotlight.1 In 1972 Steve Bushnell started the first gaming company Atari. Until 1978 there were very few games for the home system. In 1982 Atari releases a newer version and sales start to sore. In 1985 Nintendo enters the market with the NES. Nintendo still outsells both companiesRead More1970s: The Birth of Video Game Industry Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1970s was considered as the birth of video game industry, the phenomenon of gaming was growing and home gaming console Home-Pong which was a one-game-only console was invented by Atari, since then, the gaming industry has become very profitable, and more and more genre of video games were created. Although video games have become more and more popular as time changes, it still has to face the criticism, ‘media panic’. Meida panic happens when a new media appears; people will have aRead MoreFive Forces Analysis of the Video Game Industry943 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Video Game Industry The video game industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheld devices, mobile games and online games. The video gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years with Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo competing for the higher profits in the market. This essay will analyze each of the five forces acting on the industry: threat of new

Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food Free Essays

Rapid detection and identification of bacteria in food and clinical laboratories Abstract Modern technological progress has affected how microbiology is practiced. There is emphasis on the minimalisation of laboratory costs, cost-efficiency and reliability of tests for efficient bacterial identification from food cultures. Before using any technology, it is recommended that the products’ performance characteristics be first tested, particularly as theses characteristics, are often not determined by the manufacturers. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, the sensitivity and specificity, amongst other factors, associated with the use of these tests will also not have been determined. Additional factors would benefit from the use of controls, such as in the form of large scale and controlled clinical trials, in order to study the products’ performance. It is to be borne in mind that the involvement of ‘rapid’ tests, including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in bacterial detection may serve bests as methods for expeditious detection and screening than for the purposes of confirmation. 1. Introduction In order to help diagnose infectious diseases, such as the bacteria Salmonella, a leading cause of food poisoning, the need for specialised microbial tests has arisen. Testing food products using rapid methods is a complicated process requiring the balance of sensitivity and specificity for the achievement of a reliable result. The following sections will discuss the use of five different detection methods, flow cytometry, the enterotube II system, chromogenic media, the Enzyme linked immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction and the necessity to balance the specificity and sensitivity of each technique, for the most accurate means of bacterial detection. 2.0 Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry (FCM) is based on the principles of excitation of light, light scattering and fluorochrome molecular emission for the purposes of generating data covering a number of different parametric readings. FCM focuses on cells that measure 0.5um to 40 ?m in diameter. The technique of FCM relies on the provision of a light source, which, are usually lasers, and the cells must first be covered in a layer of phosphate buffered saline before being able to intercept the focused source of light. In this technique, a sample, containing the cells being tested, are injected into the centre of a sheath flow. Flow cytometry provides an analysis of cellular interactions at the macromolecular level. FCM is a technique that is considered to be a critical component of research in the biomedical field (Nolan Sklar,1998). 2.1 Milk testing FCM is one technique which may be useful when testing the safety and quality of milk. Testing milk requires analysis of somatic cell count and microbial analysis. Tests have shown (Gunasekera, et al., 2003) that the analysis of milk, where a known number of cells have been inoculated, upon clearing can be performed by FCM. FCM is able to give a good indication of the somatic cell count in raw milk and when coupled with other methods such as techniques involving fluorescence staining, can be used in testing biological milk quality. This therefore has an important application in the dairy industry, particularly in quality testing. 2.2 Analysis of Water Quality The use of flow cytometry has to date also occurred in tandem with heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for the rapid detection of the bacterial count of potable as well as raw water (Hoefel, et al., 2005). The results showed that FCM was much quicker than HCP, in detecting viable bacteria in samples that were classed as viable but not amenable to culture. The FCM method detected bacteria within an hour as opposed to several days, for the HCP technique. Studies have tested the sensitivity of FC-based assays in comparison to the plaque assay method, to measure levels of an infection virus in a sample (Cantera, et al., 2010). Poliovirus infection (PV1) was tested and the FCM method applied to a water sample infected with PV1-infected cells. The study revealed that a combination of flow cytometry, used with fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology, is able to sensitively and quickly detect the presence of infectious virus in a sample of environmental water. 2.3 Specificity of FCM FCM has also been used to investigate whether T4 phage infected cells with E. coli ATCC 111303 can be differentiated from uninfected cells, based on phage DNA fluorescent detection. The technique, involving the lysis of bacterial cells by phage, allowed for the detection for infected cells 35 minutes post infection. Thus, FCM is able to be specific, when used combined with phages of predetermined host specificity. Overall, FCM is able to quantitatively measure and sensitively detect molecular level interactions and as such it may be considered to be a robust and adaptable technology (Nolan Sklar, 1998). 3.0 The enterotube ll system The Enterotube II was described for the first time in 1969 (Painter Isenberg, 1973). This technology is an example of a rapid system of multi-test nature, functioning as a biochemical and enzymatic test method. The test system, functions by identifying unclassified gram-negative, rod shaped and oxidase-negative bacteria, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The test is often conducted within clinical laboratories. The machine comprises a flat-sided tube within which are 12 compartments, developed to allow different biochemical tests to be conducted. The system does consistently produce accurate results, and hence is liable to produce occasional false results. 3.1 Sensitivity and specificity Reports such as the one by Dalton et al., (1993) in the detection of bacteriuria, have found that upon screening, only 55% specificity and 93% sensitivity have been obtained. O’Hara (2005) reports that it may be valuable for the diagnostic laboratory running tests, using equipment such as the Enterotube II system, to first stipulate what levels of ‘accuracy’ and ‘discrimination’ they consider are acceptable from their systems of identification. Accuracy of identification may be maximised by using the skills of a qualified microbiologist to confirm the bacterial classification (O’Hara, 2005). An additional way to potentially maximise sensitivity and specificity is to send an isolate to a reference laboratory in order to confirm identity. Use of enterotube II system will be for the testing of oxidase-negative bacteria and hence it should first be established that the oxidase test is not positive. To achieve this, and improve the specificity, an o xidase test may be performed on the relevant cultures. In order to improve interpretation of results from use of the Enterotube II system, a suitable incubation time should be used, such as 16 hours (in the analysis of carbohydrate reactions (Woolfrey, et al., 1981). Furthermore, tests resulting in ambiguous classifications should be reevaluated (Woolfrey, et al., 1981) in order to improve specificity, without hampering the tests’ sensitivity. 4.0 Chromogenic Media Chromogenic media (or fluorogenic media) are a microbial growth media of microbial nature. The media contains enzymes that are linked to either fluorogen (involved in light reaction) or chromogen (involved in colour reaction) or a combination of both. The method works by detecting activities that are enzymatic in nature, that are produced by the target microorganisms. Enzymatic activities are detected by the use of either organic compounds or dyes, as microorganisms, which grow in the proximity of these compounds are liable to make a distinctive pattern of colouring or alternatively fluoresce, which can be detected under UV light. Chromogenic media were first designed for application in clinical settings, but have proven to be useful in food testing. 4.1 Sensitivity and specificity of chromogenic media Chromogenic media are considered to be a sensitive method of media analysis, when compared to more conventional types of media analysis (Downes, 2001). This is because the chromogenic media method allows for a faster analysis, with a turnover time of 24 hours, and it is also considered to have a higher sensitivity. In the identification of E.coli or Listeria monocytogenes, for example, specially designed chromogenic media are available for the purposes of improving test sensitivity. When considering Salmonella detection, a number of specialised chromogenic media that are able to improve the specificity of detection are available. A study by Perez et al., (2003) showed that both broth enrichment and increasing the incubation time by a factor of two (from 24 hours to 48 hours) effectively increases the sensitivity of all of the media being used. Furthermore, due to the specificity of the chromogenic media, (determined to be greater than 84% following a two-day incubation period), a reduction in the need to undergo confirmatory tests improved the overall sensitivity of the specialized chromogenic media. A second study by Monneri et al., (1994), for the comparison of two new types of agar, media of chromogenic nature, Salmonella Detection and Identification Medium (SMID) and Rambach agar, against two conventional types of media for the detection of Salmonella. The results revealed that the newer chromogenic agar media were notably more specific than the more convent ional media. Rambach agar was furthermore slightly more specific than SMID, being able to detect all Salmonella serotypes following a complementary C8 esterase test. Hence, sensitivity and specificity can be maximised by increasing culture time to 2 days fully, and using Rambach agar where appropriate, such as in the detection of Salmonella serotypes. 5.0 Enzyme Linked Immunoassay The Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) is a common antibody based technique designed for microorganism, or pathogenic, detection. The method is noted to have a high standard of specificity and sensitivity (Evans et al., 1989). A quantitative, or qualitative method may be used for the purposes of interpreting the results, which are, respectively, via the use of an instrumental read-out or through visual means. Specialised test kits to aid in the detection of Listeria, Salmonella and other microorganisms are commercially available. 5.1 Sensitivity and specificity A study by Evans et al., (1989) utilised ELISA in the detection of Campylobacter pylori. The specificity and sensitivity of the test allowed for the detection of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies targeted against the cell-associated proteins of C. pylori. Values of specificity and positive predictive value were revealed to be 100% for the high molecular weight cell-associated proteins. Furthermore, the assay sensitivity was measured at 98.7%, with the negative predictive value recorded as 98.6%. This indicates that specialised ELISA tests are likely to be valuable in such instances as in the detection of H. pylori. Furthermore, the costs of using the ELISA, as noted by Evans et al., (1989) are that it is cost effective and readily usable, with a lower likelihood of obtaining false negatives than with other tests, such as the use of a ‘urea breath test’ which is also amenable to be useful for the same purpose. Svennerholm Holmgren, (1978) report that E. Coli can be sensitively detected using a ganglioside ELISA. The method was deemed to be reliable and allow a high level of reproducibility. In general, it has been reported that the specificity and, or, sensitivity of assays that are commercially available, such as the ELISA may be maximised by having set cut-off values decreed by the manufacturers, according to the target disease (Cuzzubbo, et al., 1999). Furthermore, the IgG test, due to having 100% specificity, is highly likely to be reliable, as a method for bacterial testing. 6.0 Polymerase Chain Reaction Similar to the ELISA test, the ‘PCR’ or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most readily recognised and used diagnostic tool currently in use. PCR works by identifying a highly specific sequence of DNA from a microorganism that is under target. Subsequent to this, the sequence much be amplified in order to allow for detection of the microorganism. PCR is considered to be reliable and specific, as a detection method, being able to detect bacteria of pathogenic nature within a time frame of a day. As a form of DNA-based assay, PCR has been developed to detect foodbourne pathogens. For the purposes of DNA hybridization, PCR is able to amplify one single DNA copy in fewer than 2 hours by one million times. However, in situations where amplification is not completely efficient, such as when inhibitors are present in food, the normally extremely high levels of sensitivity of PCR become reduced. In order to improve sensitivity therefore, a form of cultural enrichm ent is likely to achieve this (Rose Stringer, 1989). As a rapid method to screen food samples for bacteria, PCR tests that are run and found to yield positive results are regarded as being ‘presumptive’ and require methods that are more conventional to confirm this (Feng, 1996). For direct testing, due to a lack of adequate specificity and sensitivity, pre-analsysis culture enrichment is frequently called for, which serves to increase specificity (Feng, 1997). 6.1 Sensitivity and specificity of PCR To maximise the sensitivity of certain types of PCR, such as NK-1R PCR, a form of ‘nested’ PCR, and for this an increased number of cycles of the primary PCR may be helpful. For example, 35 secondary PCR cycles and 45 primary PCR cycles, were performed by O’Connell (2002) as opposed to a more standard number of between 25 and 30 cycles for both to increase sensitivity. In order to identify and detect bacteria furthermore, qcRT-PCR is likely to be less sensitive overall than more conventional PCR and hence, single-target PCR is advisable for a higher level of sensitivity. It has also been noted that PCR conditions and parameters of cycling should ideally be optimised for every, and each primer in order to allow the achievement of a maximum yield of specific product and miminise monotarget sequence amplification. Knowles (1992) suggests that nested PCR may be helpful in improving both sensitivity and specificity. It is noted that increasing the speed of amplification of PCR has not effect upon test sensitivity, and hence this alteration it is unlikely to be worth the additional costs or time-saving advantage associated with increasing the cycling protocol. 7. Conclusion Rapid tests such as PCR, the Enterotube II system, ELISA, flow cytometry and chromogenic methods have both benefits and limitations. The relative availability of these techniques and the speed of detection of bacterial pathogens, amongst other factors, suggest advantages but the sensitivity and specificity of the tests must be such that a reliable test result is ensured. In conclusion, a balance of sensitivity and specificity is required, but, by using the techniques mentioned, the reliability of the results obtained by the microbiologist is most likely to be improved. Bibliography Cantera, J.L., Chen, W., Yates, M.V. 2010. Detection of Infective Poliovirus by a Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Flow Cytometry Method Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(2), pp.584-588. Cuzzubbo, A. J., Vaughn, D.W., Nisalak, A., Solomon, T., Kalayanarooj, S., Aaskov, J., Dung, N.M. Devine, P.L. 1999. Comparison of PanBio Dengue Duo Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and MRL Dengue Fever Virus Immunoglobulin M Capture ELISA for Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infections in Southeast Asia. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 6(5), pp. 705-712. Dalton, M.T., Comeau, S., Rainnie, B., Lambert, K Forward, K.R.1993. A comparison of the API Uriscreen with the Vitek Urine Identification-3 and the leukocyte esterase or nitrite strip as a screening test for bacteriuria. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 16(2), pp.93-97. Downes, F.P. 2001. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Evans, D.J. Jr., Evans, D.G., Graham, D.Y. Klein, P.D. 1989. A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection of Campylobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 96(4), pp. 1004-1008. Feng. P. 1996. Emergence of rapid methods for identifying microbial pathogens in foods. Journal of AOAC International. 79(3), pp.809-812. Feng, P. 1997. Impact of Molecular Biology on the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Molecular Biotechnology. 7(3)., pp.267-278. Gunasekera, T.S., Veal, D.A., Attfield, P.V. 2003. Potential for broad applications of flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques in microbiological and somatic cell analyses of milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 85(3), pp.269-279. Hoefel, D., Monis, P.T., Grooby, W.L., Andrews,S., Saint, C.P. 2005. Culture-Independent Techniques for Rapid Detection of Bacteria Associated with Loss of Chloramine Residual in a Drinking Water System. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(11) pp. 6479-6488. Knowles, D.M. (ed.). 1992. Neoplastic Hematopathology, 1st ed. Williams and Wilkins. pp. 919–930. Monnery, I., Freydiere, A.M., Baron, C., Rousset, A.M., Tigaud, S., Boude-Chevalier, M., de Montclos, H. Gille, Y. 1994. Evaluation of two new chromogenic media for detection of Salmonella in stools. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 13(3), pp. 257-261. Nolan, J.P Sklar, L.A. 1998. The emergence of flow cytometry for sensitive, real-time measurements of molecular interactions. Nature Biotechnology, 16(7), pp. 633 – 638. O’ Connell, J. 2002. RT-PCR Protocols. Totowa: Humana Press Inc. O’Hara, C.M., 2005. Manual and Automated Instrumentation for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae and Other Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18(1), pp. 147-162. Painter, B.G. Isenberg, H.D. 1973. Clinical laboratory experience with the improved Enterotube. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 25(6), pp. 896–899. Perez, J.M., Cavalli, P., Roure, C., Renac, R., Gille, Y. Freydiere, A.M. 2003. Comparison of four chromogenic media and Hektoen agar for detection and presumptive identification of Salmonella strains in human stools. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41(3), pp. 1130-1134. Rose, S.A., Stringer, M.F. 1989. Immunological methods, pp. 121-167. In: Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology: Progress in Industrial Microbiology. M.R. Adams and C.F.A. Hope (eds). New York: Elsevier. Svennerholm, A., Lange, S. Holmgren, J. 1878. Correlation between intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A and protection against experimental cholera in mice. Infection and Immunity. 21(1), pp. 1–6. Woolfrey, B.F., Fox, J.M. Quall, C.O. 1981. Evaluation of the Repliscan II System for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 14(4), pp. 408-410. How to cite Free Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Food, Essay examples

Publications Designing Qualitative Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Publications Designing Qualitative Research? Answer: Introduction The term Research in its broad sense, refers to the practice of exploring into concerned areas of interest and studying the materials and relevant sources regarding the concerned area in order to find out new facts and to establish new assertions and conclusions. Research is a crucial part of any genre of education, especially higher education and over the years, both of these have undergone significant dynamics and have become more integrated and complementary to one another (Gay Mills, 2015). Research is one of the primary components in any stream of exploration, particularly in social sciences. The main purpose of this domain of research is to explore and investigate different aspects of the human behavior. Social science being mainly the study of behavioral aspects of individuals, the research framework in this genre of behavioral science is mainly used to study the behaviors and actions taken by concerned individuals on the topics or phenomena of concern. Thus, research in educational and social science aspects is highly linked directly to the individuals perception and actions, thereby keeping high scopes and avenues of direct interactions with the subjects for the researchers in this domain (Neuman, 2013). In conducting any kind of research, one of the primary categories, which have to be satisfied by the researchers, especially in the contemporary period, is the ethical considerations in conducting the concerned research. The term ethics in the aspect of social research, refers to a structure of regulations and guidelines, which exists to make the research efficient and productive, keeping the integrity of the research, the researcher as well as the other direct and indirect participants maintained. This is especially mandatory for those researchers who directly depend on interactions with live subjects (mostly humans), in order to ensure that to fulfill the management of the research, the researcher does not compromise the welfare and dignity of his or her subjects (Resnik, 2015). Keeping this need for ethics in social science and educational research in concern, the paper tries to study the different ethical aspects present in social science research framework, how they are followed and the limitations of the same, taking reference to an article. The article, which has been considered for the purpose of analyzing the ethical considerations in the educational and social science research, is a peer reviewed article on the impact of bullying in the childhood on the health, wealth and crime in the adult age and the social outcome of the same. Article Summary The article, named Impact of Bullying in Childhood on Adult Health, Wealth, Crime and Social Outcomes, had been published in the Psychological Science Journal of the National Institute of health. The main objective of the article can be seen to be of exploring the implications of one of the social problems of bullying. The term bullying in its broad sense means exerting force or superiority for the purpose of intimidating the people who are weak or are at a comparatively disadvantageous position. This highly unfair practice is found to be highly present, in all strata of the society, especially among children and adolescent population (Wolke et al., 2013). Keeping the problem into consideration, the authors try to assess the short term as well as the long-term implications of bullying. It also tries to analyze whether the problem of bullying only leaves short-term impacts on the victim who lasts for some days or whether it has long term implications and leaves a lasting impression on the victim in his or her adulthood also. The basic findings of the article points out towards the fact that though bullying often leaves long term and evidently negative implications on the adulthood of the victims, the same is not true in the case of those who bullies. Little evidences were found regarding the long-term impacts of bullying on the adulthood of the bullies (Anderson et al., 2012). The article, thus does a crucial work in asserting the implications of one of the most common social evils, faced by a major share of the children of any society and also asserts that most of the times bullying leaves long lasting negative impacts on those who are being bullied. It also points out that intervention of the parents and relevant caregivers, as well prompt medical attention to the victims of bullying in the childhood only most likely reduces the long term implications which are left by the bullies on the children who are bullied (Battiste, 2016). Research Procedures The article, in order to study the impacts of bullying on the childhood as well as the adulthood of both the bullies and their victims, takes a primarily quantitative approach in doing the same. The authors have mainly taken the quantitative because the study has been a population-based study and the same includes a considerably high number of participants from different age groups and geographical locations (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2013). The total sample who agreed to participate (80% of the total recruitment) amounts to 1420 individuals, divided into three age groups at the intake. The ages being 9, 11 and 13 years, which indicates that the sample size of the study, at the intake, has been only children. Of the 1420 children who had been interviewed in their childhood, 89.7% (1273 individuals) were followed up when they reached their young adulthood. This had been mainly done to cater to the objective of the article to observe the implications of childhood bullying on the adultho od of the victims and the bullies as well. Ethical Considerations The primary feature of the article is that it deals with a very sensitive and personal, yet widespread societal problem of bullying. Another important feature of the same article is the nature of the sample size, which has been taken by the authors, especially at the beginning of the study. Children of ages 9, 11 and 13 years have been taken as sample in the article. This makes considering the ethical aspects regarding conduction of the research procedures, especially direct interactions extremely crucial for the researchers concerned. The first ethical requirement, which has been claimed to be met efficiently in the article, is the requirement for consent of the participants. The participants, only after singing the consent forms, which have been viewed and approved by the Review Board of the Duke University Medical Center, have been approached by the authors for interview. Another ethical aspect that has been considered by the article is the fact that the main participants belonged to the minor age group. Considering this, the authors have allowed the parents to participate in the interviews along with the children also (Hartas, 2015). Ethical Gaps in the concerned article The methods of research incorporated in the concerned article, includes the conduction of extensive interviews with the sample selected , who have been children aged not more than 13 years during the first phase of the interviews. The article states that the parents or the primary care givers had also participated in the interviews along with the children and their opinions have also been taken into account. However, the article is not seen to highlight the precautions and additional cares which had been taken during the periods of interviews of the children. Children, falling under the most vulnerable class for the purpose of direct human interaction and interviews, taking extra care about the implications of the interviews on their mental and physical conditions needs to be taken by the researchers as improper questions or throw of questions can trigger negative emotional distress or extreme fear and intimidation among them. The topic of concern being bullying, it had to be account by the researchers that their actions and questions could have left impressions on the brain and mind of the children interviewed. For combating the same, it was necessary to keep proper arrangements, which could have soothed the child after interview. On the other hand, though the consent forms had been used, however, it had been mostly the parents who decided about the consent of the child. The consent of the child interviewed and whether he actually perceived the intentions and questions of the researchers correctly is not clear from the assertions of the authors. Ethical Issues presented in the article As is evident from the above discussion, the article which has been taken into consideration by the concerned research deals with the implications of bullying on both the short term as well as the long-term mental and physical healthcare of the bullied as well as the bullies. The issue of bullying is an extremely sensitive and personal issue for those who remain at the receiving side as well as those who create the problem (Miller et al., 2012). The victims of bullying feel vulnerable and embarrassed to depict the incidents which happened to them to any person, especially to strangers. On the other hand those who are involved in bullying others also remain secretive in opening up and accepting their faults, mostly due to the fear of negative repercussions and judgments on part of the listeners. Dealing with such a sensitive issue becomes even more complicated if the sample size chosen is underage. This makes the incorporation and proper addressing of the ethical issues which can arise during the research process an absolute necessity. The primary issues which had been most likely to have cropped up in the ethical aspect of the concerned research, includes the issue of integrity and dignity of the respondents, the effects on their mental and physical health, personal biases in the perception of rights and wrongs and the long term implications of the interview procedure on the respondents (Hoe Hoare, 2012). Another crucial ethical consideration, which is especially true for this particular research, is that the questions for the children could have distorted their mental stability to a considerable extent, which in turn had the chance to make the research ethically unacceptable. Implications of the issues as ethical challenges The issues put forward by the personnel interviewed in the concerned article, which has been taken into reference by the project, are of considerable importance and can be treated as the common ethical challenges in the contemporary research framework. The issues, which are highlighted, can be linked with the existing theoretical and conceptual framework existing in the ethical aspects of research, especially with the most popular framework already existing in this respect, the Belmont Principles on ethical obligations in any kind of research (Department of Health, 2014). Ethical Challenges: Belmont Report As per the Belmont report, there are three ethical principles, which need to be abided by all the researchers to make their research wholesome, unbiased and socially and ethically acceptable. These are as follows: Respecting persons- According to this principle, the researcher needs to ensure that the research techniques and interaction methods, which he or she is applying, respect the autonomy of the people who are participating in the research. For this, the participants need to be provided with relevant and adequate information regarding the concerned research (Miracle, 2016). The decisions of the participants regarding participation in the research and sharing their opinions should also be completely respected and accepted by the researcher and there should not be any forced or influenced views taken in the research. Moreover, special protections are required to be taken if vulnerable people and children are also involved in the research. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants also needs to be maintained (Bromley et al., 2015). Beneficence- Another crucial aspect which has to be incorporated in the ethical framework, is that there remains no or minimum risks for the participants and the research actually benefits them. This indicates towards the fact that often the research processes leave negative implications on the participants, physical as well as mental, which reduces the integrity and acceptability of the concerned research considerably. This needs to be minimized as per the ethical requirements of researches (Brakewood Poldrack, 2013). Justice- This highlights the need for equal implications and considerations of all the parties involved in the concerned research, such that the burdens as well as the benefits of the researches are accrued to all the participants and are not accumulated to any one particular section of the participants. All the sections of the population should be included and given same opportunity, as per the ethical requirements of the researches (Dresser, 2012). All the three principles point towards the challenges which exists in the ethical framework of research in the contemporary world, which are highly in relevance to the concerned article as they have similarity with the issues highlighted in the article. These have to be taken into account by the researchers in the educational and social science domains as for any research to be qualitatively superior, unbiased and acceptable, it is of crucial importance that the same is done keeping the ethical issues in mind. The research are done mainly to find out facts and solutions which cater to the increase in the overall welfare of the society as a whole (Fujii, 2012). Reflection As discussed above, ethics has been increasingly becoming one of the primary components in every arena of human life, which also includes research and academic practices. In this context, studying the concerned article and the assertions put forward by the participants whose views has been quantitatively incorporated in the article, gave me useful insights regarding the implications and significance of ethical considerations in the contemporary periods. The primary thing, which I understood by reviewing the concerned article, is that of the many roles of the academic and especially social science researchers, one of the primary ones is to conduct the research in an ethical framework (Marshall Rossman, 2014). This is primarily because if while carrying out the research the integrity and dignity of the participants are compromised or if any biased or forced views are incorporated by the researchers, then the research findings are bound to be compromised in terms of quality and can face non-acceptance in the ethical grounds (Bryman, 2015). This becomes even more crucial if the sample set considered includes vulnerable age groups or those with other vulnerabilities (Lange, Rogers Dodds, 2013). Researches being mainly done with the objective of increasing the overall societal welfare, I also understood the challenges of trade-offs between long-term welfare of the society and integrity and welfare of the participants, which the research ers need to face. This in turn made me more intrigued to study the theoretical frameworks present in these aspects and to search for the effective ethical frameworks to combat these challenges. The importance of the ethical committees also became more prominent to me. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that ethics is one of the primary components, which have to be taken into consideration by the researchers across the world. 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