The Role Of Leadership And Change Management Essay

The Role Of leaders And Change Management EssayKey to evolution of an Organization is how well it can adapt to channelises be it structural or financial. A good leaders plays a pivotal role in such transitions and will often be the most influential aspect in such changes being implemented successfully.Considering the fact that both Organizational Change and lead are very widely defined, for the purpose of the essay I would comparable to use the following definitions, Leader is a person with vision, energy, authority, and strategic direction referee (Robert Coffee and Gareth Jones, 2000), Organizational Change is the process of continually renewing an organizations direction, structure, and capabilities to respond the ever-changing needs of external and internal customers- ref (Moran and Brightman, 2001).Change is one of challenges an organization can face. It, being a continuous process, dealing successful with it is sarcastic to an organizations success- ref(Kudray and Kleine r, 1997), and certain management levers, such as, strategy, operations, should be constantly altered for the organization to be aligned with the market place. Having said that, it is to a fault very important to critically identify the needed change within the organization. If a certain change is identified as a pivotal one for the growth of the organization, it is also important to consider how the change will be received by the people who will be a part of it.Resistance in our background is opposing to the change. Resistance is very likely with-in the team when the importance of the change is not know. There are various known reasons for someone to resist the change. close to of which are job insecurity and the fear of losing the power. There are existing theories which say that resistance is good and it is related to the individual identity and organizational values. contempt of being a time consuming process, it is very important to overcome resistance to implement the chang e successfully.Lewins 3 step model for change, Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze ref ( Lewin, 1951) is considered to be thither mother of all change models. The point here was to have organizations prepare initially to ease the process of the change in entrap to overcome resistance. It has been mootd upon, that this theory might not be holding good for the current day situation, as organizations are constantly changing and they will never be having the opportunity to refreeze or attain the new state of equilibrium. Kotters 8 Step Model, ref ( Kotter, J , 1995) also talks about implementing a change within the organization but considering the present day needs and situation. This model tries to address the developed resistance in the implementation on the change. An effective leadership will always try and overcome resistance and help successfully implement the change, which need not be a top down begin. For a change to be accepted, Nahvandi (2003), believes that you need to first mo tivate those in your guiding collation or transformational leadership team. This, per him, is the best achieved through inspiration of the team, which enables them to enact change. Transformational leadership accepts inspiring them with a charm and charisma, challenging the team to solve the problems rather than we doing it ourselves and developing personal relationship with each one of them. A combination of these 3 attributes is the best known vehicle to overcome resistance. ref( Nahvandi, 2003).Transformational leadership is that which facilitates a redefinition of a peoples mission and vision, a renewal of their commitment and the restructuring of their systems for goal accomplishment. It is a relationship of shared stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents. Hence, transformational leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. ref(Leithwood, as cited in Cashin et al., 2000, p.1) . According to Bass (1990b, p . 21) transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stir employees to look beyond their own egocentrism for the good of the group.Success of transformational leadership has been demonstrated by studies in diverse settings such as schools, corporations etc. -ref(Bryant, 2003, p. 36).Also there are existing studies to prove the soaked suit of transformational leadership regardless of culture ref(Perttula Xin,2005) . Per Carlson and Perrewe (1995, p. 834), as a result of transformational leadership, changes in the organizations mission, strategy, and subordinate commitment levels are very likely to emerge. Also, Odom and Green (2003) argue that principles of transformational leadership (i.e., intellectual stimulation, idealized influence) applied to ethical dilemmas faced by managers offers the prospect of less litigation and b etter ethical outcomes than the more common transactional approach to ethics.Though Transformational Leadership is the latest buzz word, there have been many people in the past who have demonstrated the traits of this form of leadership. For instance, Genghis Khan was a transformational leader who, during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, united fiercely independent Mongol tribes to ultimately create one of the largest land empires ever seen ref(Yates, 2002). leeward Iacocca is a transformational leader who is credited with saving the Chrysler Corporation. He took over Chrysler when it was on the brink of bankruptcy and set about transforming the ideals of his closest subordinates. In turn, that began to reshape the corporations culture. Because a transformational leader encourages others to becomes transformational leaders, soon the entire organization was filled with effective leaders (Kelly, 2003). Within military and government contexts, General Colin Powell overcame entr enched racism (particularly in the US military) and low institutional expectations of African Americans to become chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989. He went further, becoming in 1991 the first African American to become US Secretary of State, a position some said he filled with vision and the qualities of a transformational leader (Chekwa, 2001). Other transformational leaders include Christine Nixon, the current Police Chief Commissioner in the Australian state of Victoria, who is popularly understood to have transformed the culture of that police force for the good, and Sir Richard Branson, responsible for worldwide Virgin enterprises (Lussier Achua, 2004). These are positive examples of transformational leaders but as critics (e.g., Yukl, 1989) point out, transformational leadership is not without its dark side and other flaws.The morality of transformational leadership has been questioned, especially by libertarians and organizational development consultants (Gr iffin, 2003). A key criticism is that within it transformational leadership has potential for the abuse of power (Hall, Johnson, Wysocki Kepner, 2002). Leaders here, motivate followers by engaging them to strong beliefs, irrespective of the effects on them .Transformational leaders can exert a very powerful influence over followers, who offer them think and respect. Some leaders may have narcissistic tendencies, thriving on power and manipulation. Moreover, some followers may have dependent characters and form strong and unfortunate bonds with their leaders ref- (Stone, Russell and Patterson, 2003, p. 4). Yukl describes this as the dark side of charisma and goes on to note that for every example of a positive transformational leader demonstrating charismatic qualities (e.g., Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi), there is an equally negative example (e.g., Charles Manson).-ref (Yukl, 1989)There is an argument that transformational leadership is facilitative of change because it contributes to organizational improvement, force and institutional culture (Barnett, McCormick Conners, 2001). An interesting study by Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), shows that teachers may in fact be distracted from concentrating on learning-and-teaching by, for example, taking time away from students to be involved in the corporate school initiatives an inspirational, transformational bargainer expects of them. Ref (Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), a study conducted on 12 schools in New South Wales and Australia)Related BibliographyRobert Coffee and Gareth Jones, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, September-October 2000Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) Leading organizational change, Career maturement International, 6(2), pp. 111-118.Gary Yukl Journal of Management 1989. Vol. 15, No. 2, 251-289Bennis, W, (1994), On Becoming a Leader. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, ISBN0-201-40929-1.Lucey, J.J, Why is the failure rate for organization change so high?, Management work Winter 2008Evans , M.G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational, Behavior and charitable Performance. 5, 277-298House, R.J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-339.House, R.J., Mitchell, T.R. (1974). Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business, 3, 81-98.Dansereau, E, Jr., Graen, G., Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 13. 46-78.Kudray, L and Kleiner, B, Global trends in managing change, Industrial Management May/Jun 1997 39, 3 ABI/INFORM Global pg. 18Lewin, K, Field Theory in Social Science, harper and Row, 1951.Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Hay, Iain, Transformational Leadership Characteristics and CriticismsLeithwood, K. Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of t ransformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of educational Administration, 38(2), p. 112.Bass, B.M. (1990b). From transactional to transformational leadership learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 13, pp. 26-40.Bryant, S.E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(4), pp. 32-44.Spreitzer, G.M., Perttula, K.H. Xin, K. (2005). Traditionality matters an examination of the effectiveness of transformational leadership in the United States and Taiwan. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 205-227.Carlson, D.S. Perrewe, P.L. (1995). Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(10), pp. 829-839.Odom, L. Green, M.T. (2003). Law and the ethics of transformational leadership. Leadership and Organization growth J ournal, 24(1/2), pp. 62-69.Yates, M. (2002) Genghis Khan. LeaderValues. Retrieved August 3, 2006 fromKelly, M.L. (2003, January 1). Academic advisers as transformational leaders. The Mentor. Retrieved August 3, 2006,Chekwa, E. (2001, July 12-14). Searching for African American transformational leaders. Academy of Business and Administrative Sciences 4th International Conference, Quebec City, Canada. Manuscript available from the author.Lussier, R.N. Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership theory, application, skill development (2nd ed.). Eagan, MN Thomson-West.Yukl, G.A. (1989). Leadership in Organizations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Stone, A.G., Russell, R.F., Patterson, K. (2003). Transformational versus servant leadership a difference in leader focus. Servant Leadership Roundtable October 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2006Hall, J., Johnson, S., Wysocki, A. Kepner, K. (2002). Transformational leadership the transformation of managers and associates. Retrieved August 3, 2 006

Rising Gas Prices in the United States Essay -- The Oil Industry

Once upon a time Americans hopped into their cars on warm spring old age and took long drives to admire the beauty of nature. Teenagers took joy rides around town to meet friends and rode from one hot spot to another. Those were the days when flatulence prices were affordable to the medium American. oer the past few years, gas prices in the United States have been on the rise. What is causing the increase in gas prices? To understand the increase in gas prices, one must first identify the distribution of dollars paid per gallon at the pump. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (eia) in 2010, the annual average paid at the pump consisted of 68% crude oil colour, 7% refining, 10% distribution and marketing, and 15% taxes (see Fig.1). This shows an increase of crude oil over the 2000-2009 average of 51%. (e. I. Administration)Currently, the most important factor in the rise of gas prices is the increasing cost of crude oil. Unfortunately, the United States has three percent of the worlds oil reserves. (Horsley) In 2009, the United States was third in crude oil production as well as the worlds largest petroleum consumer. (e. I. Administration) Such expenditure required and still requires the United States to import petroleum/crude oil from other countries.Mainly, the United States imports petroleum products and crude oil from Canada 23.3%, Venezuela 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 10.4%, Mexico 9.2%, and Nigeria 8.3%. (e. I. Administration) In addition, well-nigh 77 other countries import to the United States. (e. I. Administration) Worldwide, there are many factors contributing to the increase in cost per barrel. Most recently, Libyan rebels, inspired by the success of their Tunisian and Egyptian neighbors, are up... ... Oil Production. 10 March 2011. 19 March 2011 .Press, Associated. MSNBC Oil Prices Fall as Libya Promises Ceasefire. 18 March 2011. 19 March 2011 .Press, Associated. Oil Hits Highest Levels Since Recession. 25 March 2011. 25 Mar ch 2011 .Press, The Associated. IEA Says Libyan Oil Exports Halted. 15 March 2011. 25 March 2011 .Reuters. Factbox Libyan Oil Production, Exports, Customers. 11 February 2011. 20 March 2011 .

July’s People by Nadine Gordimer Essays -- Julys People Nadine Gordim

Julys People by Nadine Gordimer In Julys People, Nadine Gordimer gives a very detailed and knowledgeable explanation of the political turmoil within South Africa. By expressing the emotions of a family involved in the deteriorating internet site and the misunderstandings between blacks and whites, she adds a very personal and emotional touch, which allows the reader to understand the true horror and terror these people experienced. Gordimer writes of how the Smales family reacts, drop deads, and adjusts to this conduct altering experience. She makes obvious throughout the book that harm plays a major role in uncovering the reactions of Bamford and Maureen Smales.The Smales were a suburban, upper middle class, white family living in Southern Africa until political turmoil and fight forced them to flee from their home and lives. Rebel black armies in Soweto and separate areas of Southern Africa revolted against the government and the minority white race, attacking radio and telev ision station and burning the homes of whites. The Smales needed to get out quickly. Their servant July, whom they had always treated well and had a very uncommon relationship with, offered to guide the family to his village. The Smales, having no other options, accepted Julys offer and ran in haste and confusion to the dearth village. They knew little of the drastic adjustments they would expect to make in order to survive in Julys rustic village. These adjustments would soon threaten their relationships with single another and their familys structure.The three Smales children, Victor, Royce and Gina, had not experienced, and therefore had not expected to live a life of luxury amongst people of their own kind. This innocence contributes greatly to the rate and comfort in which they adjust to living in Julys village. Bam and Maureen may not have felt prejudice towards the black race, but were certainly prejudice about the lifestyle in which they must now live, a lifestyle complete ly stripped of any and all luxuries they once enjoyed. All of the family members, facing a new way of life, adjust to their situation in radically different ways. Each one drifts in their own direction in search of comfort and acceptance throughout their experiences living amongst Julys people.The first adjustment the Smales family had to make was the realization that they no longer had all of ... ...and towards the sound of the helicopter, towards the hope of renewal. Because of Maureens flight from the village and from any responsibilities she once had, Bam must now become the mother figure of the family, nurturing his children and taking on what was once her role.Julys People is a story of the reactions, adaptations, and survival of Bamford and Maureen Smales to the life they have found in a black village later being thrown from their middle-class white neighborhood. Bams adjustment to their new life in the village was much better than Maureens because he handled the situatio n rationally by attempting to become a part of the community without letting his emotions get the best of him. Maureen, on the other hand, could not adjust to the situation and went near completely insane because she could not accept a life without racial and gender structures. This alteration in her lifestyle was completely unbearable and she couldnt survive without the power, control, and luxuries she once had. As a result of the radically different reactions and adaptations of Bam and Maureen to the life in Julys village, their relationship with one another was completely disintegrated.

Aspects Of City Life - Crime. :: essays research papers

Aspects of City Life - Crime.Different angles can be taken with regards to shame in the city, andfurther to this, the main topic can be broken down into sm altogetherer areas. I takeconducted two types of researchPrimary - Interviews and so forth Secondary - Named Sources.The question of crime and how it affects a city is perhaps best put tothose people that aim either lived in a city all their lives (thus knowing whatthe crime is like in the area), or to those that have moved to a city from atown or village (therefore being subject to make a comparison between the types ofcrime and their severity in the two habitats).A city, apart from having a great deal more shops, civil andrecreational amenities, and night life will also have many more people - peoplethat need somewhere to live, meaning vast expanses of caparison estates and otherresidential areas. In Sunderlands case all of the above are true, and, as withmany other cities across the country it has a very great student po pulation.There are two centres of higher education in Sunderland - the university, andthe college, both with large subscriptions. Although both have been establishedfor a while now, it was tho fairly recently that the old Polytechnic achieveduniversity status. This has not only increased the size of the university interms of property tho also the number of students attention it. This thereforemeans that the overall size of Sunderland has increased, including the numbersof shops, clubs, recreational activities and also houses.A great deal of people in Sunderland believe that their local pubs andclubs have been taken over by students and at first there was a great deal ofapprehension and tension between locals and students, often resulting in violentconflict. This still exists plainly to a much smaller extent. However, somethingthat can be connected with this is the mugging and burglary that happens to asmall minority of students. Obviously crime occurs everywhere, no matter where you live, but students are seen as easy targets due to their vulnerability, aswell as the fact that they have money and valuable possessions. The severity ofsome of the attacks has been such that victims have needed extensive hospitaltreatment due to the injuries they have sustained. Security measures at certainhalls of residence have been questioned after several attacks occurred innormally safe surroundings.The most startling aspect of violent crime in this area is that it stilloccurs, despite increased policing and advice to students regarding how to

Linux :: essays research papers

I want to get peoples opinion on Linux - from a Windows user perspective. I want to do is to try if the "Linux is too difficult" mantra is actually true in peoples experience. My personal experience was that it was about the same amount of hassles than installing Win98 & apps. Of course, Linux does not fall e verywhere like Win98, and I can do all my work that I used to do under Windows, so I am a laughing(prenominal) chappie -) Thanks If you have been using Windows and have also installed Linux, please be so kind as to fill in the questionnaire below and post it on the board. I will collate all the responses and (hopefully) publish these in an article. Thanks Questionnaire Installing and using Linux from a Windows perspective. This questionnaire is intended to gather opinions on how easy or difficult it was for users to install Linux and application software package, and how functional they found the Linux desktop compared to the Windows desktop environment. Your par ticipation is appreciated. Firstly, on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "very weak" and 5 meaning "very strong", rate your technical PC skills? Next, in the table below, advise your choice with an X. display board 1 common Distribution and version of Linux Debian Slackware Red Hat Mandrake SuSeE Other please specify Linux GUI used Gnome KDE Other please specify TABLE 2 Applications used - please amend Windows applications as appropriate, and indicate the Linux equivalent you use Word processing MS Word Spreadsheet Excel Presentation software Powerpoint Database Access Email Outlook Calendar Outlook File manager Windows Explorer Internet browsing Internet Explorer Internet firewall ZoneAlarm Graphics edit PaintShop Pro Graphics slide shows ACDSee File Compression Winzip, PDF reader Acrobat Reader CD writer Nero Other - please specify In the table below, indicate your choice, using 1 = Much more difficult 2 = More difficult 3 = About the same 4 = Easier 5 = Much e asier 0 = N/A TABLE 3 - Installation. Linux Compared to Windows Setting up peripherals (such as printers, video cards etc.) under Linux is Setting up and configuring the GUI under Linux is The functionality of applications caterpillar track under Linux is The stability of applications running under Linux is Running applications (ease of use) under Linux is Setting up Internet access under Linux is Upgrading the OS (Linux) is Setting up a small/home office network under Linux is Installing patches under Linux is TABLE 4.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay -- History, Atomic Bomb

With the approval of American President Harry S. Truman, the fates of two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki were sealed. This decision came with heavy hearts, as the coupled States attempted to end their involvement in World War II by using nuclear power against the nation of Japan. Trumans primary name and address in this form of attack was to discontinue the war as quickly as possible, while also sending a message to the enemy and represent the join States as the leader in atomic energy. Beginning as a secret operation labeled the Manhattan Project, atomic bombs became the new weapons of mass destruction. The clear frontrunner in nuclear technology, the United States was the first country to release atomic bombs on another nation for war purposes (not including testing), eventually creating a window for forthwiths modern combat. Even though it was common knowledge between scientists since 1939 that nuclear warfare was a possibility, no specialists understood the process of inventing the explosive devices. The United States, along with the United Kingdom, underhandedly worked on the Manhattan project, doling out and collaborating information until the atom bomb was completed. It was a necessity for this international government project to remain a secret, in order to make sure that Germany did not make any atomic discoveries before the Allied powers, and to surprise the Japanese with the bombings. With this goal in mind, it was all important(p) that information would not Due to this cloak-and-dagger secrecy, the attacks were unexpected to the inhabitants of Japan, especially the residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.With specific objectives, the United States decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima required blanket(a) research lea... ...tops within ten miles of the city there came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. All of these reports were transmitted to the Headquarters of the Japanese General Staff (Avalo n Project Chapter 7, par. 3) .Upon a staff officers flight survey of Hiroshima, after flying for about three hours, while even so nearly 100 miles from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb. In the bright afternoon, the remains of Hiroshima were burning (Avalon Project Chapter 7, par. 4-5). enchantment the damage was being observed, a great scar on the land, still burning, and covered by a heavy cloud of smoke, was all that was left of a great city. They landed south of the city, and the staff officer immediately began to organize relief measures, after reporting to Tokyo (Avalon Project Chapter 7, par. 6).

How much do we learn about Gatsbys character and how is it revealed Es

How much do we learn about Gatsbys character and how is it revealedto us?Throughout The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby appears to be motivated by thepursuit of wealth and a life with Daisy, but how does this show up hischaracter? What we know about Gatsby is severely limited by theinformation that Carraway, who himself only meets Gatsby at the startof the novel, feeds to us. During the poor summer, in which the booktakes place, our information is limited by the format of the storyi.e. the first person viewpoint limits what we know about Gatsby. Wecan tell through and through the way that he acts in his pursuit of Daisy that heis ultimately a shy, reclusive person who will try any liaison in orderto meet his gray-haired love. But the first knowledge of when Gatsby first metDaisy at Camp Taylor, before he went to Europe, was at the beginningof the chapter in which he was killed. During this period, he was inthe go with of many rich and successful officers who all wanted to bewith her. In going out with Daisy, Gatsby had proved that he couldhave a relationship with a person from a more privileged backgroundthan he had. The fact that he falsified his wealth in order to becomeacquainted with her shows that he is thirst for a trophy of successthat capturing Daisys heart will bring him. The way that he asksCarraway to arrange a meeting between himself and Daisy is strongproof of this link. in short it becomes apparent that Gatsby wishes hisrelationship to return to the state that it was before he left tofight in Europe during the war. This is demonstrated by the quote,Cant repeat the past? wherefore of course you can. These words fromGatsby demonstrate a very profound wish for his relationship withDaisy to be as i... ...e. As Carrawayputs it, They were careless people, Tom and Daisy - they plastered upthings and creatures and then retreated back into their money or theirvast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and letother people clean up the m ess they had made. Such a strongstatement fully shows how these people could have taken in Gatsby.Trying to hide business dealings crop doubt for the reader but for anyman to go to all the trouble of arranging to meet his true love showshis romantic side. One thing that this novel shows to the reader isthat although Carraway is told some details by Gatsby, what we knoweventually turns into a great deal of information. I believe thatGatsby is overall a life-threatening person trying desperately to achieve the twothings that his life has desired - Daisy and the pursuit of money,which were denied to him earlier.